ACCEPTANCE AND ATTITUDE TOWARD COVID-19 VACCINATION: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY FROM UDAIPUR DISTRICT

The Covid-19 pandemic is expected to continue to impose enormous burdens of morbidity and mortality while severely disrupting societies and economies worldwide.A vaccine provides the best hope for a permanent solution to controlling the pandemic. However, to be effective, a vaccine must be accepted and used by a large majority of the population. Aim:The aim of this study was to understand the acceptence and attitudes towards Covid-19 vaccination. Methodology: The current study used a cross-sectional design based on an online questionnaire. 944 responses were selected by non-probability snowball sampling technique The samples were including public of Udaipur district residents during the rapid rise period of the Covid-19 outbreak.An online structured questionnaire was developed by using Google forms, with a consent form appended to it. Three point likert scale (Agree, Not sure, and Disagree) consist of total 16 statements were prepared to assess attitude towards COVID-19 vaccination. Frequency and percentage distribution was used to present the data. Results:Resultsindicated that overall acceptance of Covid-19 vaccine in that majority of participant (N=750, Percentage=80.5%) would accept Covid-19 vaccine, whereas 3.4% particepant(N=32) would not accept Covid-19 vaccine and remaining 16.1% participants (N=152)were neutral to get vaccine.In addition, Male particepants(N=580) were more likely to accept Covid-19vaccines compared tofemalesparticepant (N=180).Majority of the participants (N=660, Precentage=69.9%) were agreed that the covid-19 vaccine is safe to receive, 64.4% respondents (N=608) were agreed that Covid-19 Vaccine undergoes enough safety and efficacy trial. Conclusion:It is concluded that acceptence towards covid-19 vaccination is high. They beleived that vaccine is safe and they will recommended to their family members also.Government effort should be made to fast distribute Covid-19 Vaccination.


Lazarus et al. (2020)
conducted a survey of 13,426 people in 19 countries to assess future acceptance rates and factors affecting acceptance of a Covid-19 vaccine. 71.5 percent said they would be very or very likely to get a COVID-19 vaccine, and 48.1 percent said they would follow their boss's advice. Acceptance rates varied from nearly 90% (in China) to less than 55% (in the United States) (in Russia). Respondents who had a higher degree of confidence in government information were more likely to consider a vaccine and follow their employer's advice.
Malik, McFadden, Elharake, &amp; Omer, (2020) conducted a study to assess the determinants of Covid-19 vaccine acceptance in the US. Researchers used an online platform to survey the adult population of the United States in May 2020 to learn about risk perceptions around the Covid-19 pandemic, acceptance of a Covid-19 vaccine, and confidence in information sources. According to the results, 450 (67%) of the 672 participants said they would consider a Covid-19 vaccine if it was recommended for them. Males (72%) were more likely to accept the vaccine than females, older adults (55 years; 78%) were more likely to accept the vaccine than younger adults, Asians (81%) were more likely to accept the vaccine than other racial and ethnic groups, and college and/or graduate degree holders (75%) were more likely to accept the vaccine than those with less than a college degree. The researchers found that despite a 67% acceptance rate for the Covid-19 vaccine, there were significant demographic and regional differences in vaccine acceptance. Prior to the introduction of a Covid-19 vaccine in the United States, 623 public health officials and policymakers must prioritise successful Covid-19 vaccine acceptance messaging for all Americans, especially the most vulnerable.
El-Elimat, AbuAlSamen, Almomani, Al-Sawalha, &amp; Alali, (2020) conducted a study to investigate the acceptability of COVID-19 vaccines and its predictors in addition to the attitudes towards these vaccines among public in Jordan. Adult participants from Jordan were surveyed on the acceptability of COVID-19 vaccines using an online, cross-sectional, and self-administered questionnaire. The predictors of COVID-19 vaccine acceptability were discovered using logistic regression analysis. The survey had a total of 3,100 participants, according to the results. In Jordan, public acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines was relatively poor (37.4%). Covid-19 vaccines were more likely to be accepted by men and those who had received the seasonal influenza vaccine. Similarly, participants who believed that vaccines are generally safe and those who were willing to pay for vaccines, once available, were more likely to accept the COVID-19 vaccines. Researcher concluded that systemic approaches are needed by public health authorities to reduce the levels of vaccines' hesitancy and increase their acceptance.
Nzaji et al., (2020) conducted a study to estimate the acceptability of a future vaccine against COVID-19 and associated factors if offered in Congolese health-care workers, since they have the highest direct exposure to the disease. From March to April 2020, researchers conducted an observational cross-sectional analysis among 23 Congolese referral hospitals, including three university hospitals, in three towns. A logistic regression analysis was used to identify the associated factors of vaccination willingness. According to the findings, a total of 613 HCWs took part in the study and completed the questionnaire, with 312 (50.9%) men and 301 (49.1%) women participating. Just 27.7% of HCWs said that if a COVID-19 vaccine were available, they would consider it. Male healthcare staff (ORa=1.17, 95 percent CI: 1.15-2.60), mainly physicians (ORa=1.59; 95 percent CI:1.03-2.44) and having a positive attitude toward a COVID-19 vaccine (ORa=11.49; 95 percent CI: 5.88-22.46) were significantly correlated with reporting willingness to be vaccinated, according to the logistic regression study. The acceptability of vaccination against COVID-19, among other things, education among HCWs is critical, according to the researchers, because health professionals' attitudes toward vaccines are a big factor in their own vaccine uptake and probability of prescribing the vaccine to their patients.
Harapan et al., (2020) conducted a study to assess the acceptance of a 50 or 95% effective COVID-19 vaccine, when it becomes available in southeast Asia, among the general population in Indonesia. Between March 25 and April 6, 2020, a cross-sectional online survey was conducted. The results show that 93.3 percent of 1,359 respondents (1,268/1,359) would like to be vaccinated for a vaccine that is 95 percent effective, but that approval drops to 67.0 percent (911/1,359) for a vaccine that is 50 percent effective. Being a healthcare worker and having a higher perceived risk of COVID-19 infection is correlated with higher acceptance for a 95 percent successful vaccine, adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 2.01; 95 percent CI: 1.01, 4.00 and aOR: 2.21; 95 percent CI: 1.07, 4.59, respectively; being retired was associated with less acceptance compared to civil servants. Being a healthcare worker was also linked to greater acceptance of a 50% successful vaccine. The baseline efficacy of a COVID-19 vaccine was found to have a significant impact on vaccine acceptance, according to the researchers. It can be difficult to get the general public to consider a vaccine with a low efficacy.
A study finds that the majority of people in Singapore are more likely to get vaccinated if their friends do so. A study of 1,000 nationally representative people was conducted by Kantar in Singapore, Australia the USA, UK, France Germany and Italy between 10 -16 November. People in Singapore are the most likely to accept that catching COVID-19 will have a significant impact on their health out of all the countries surveyed (67 percent agree). However, there are concerns in Singapore regarding a COVID-19 vaccine. Despite the fact that over twothirds of people believe their health would be severely harmed if they caught COVID-19, 28 percent of Singaporeans claim they would 'definitely' get a COVID-19 vaccine when it becomes available, and 45 percent say they would 'probably' get one when it becomes available. Singaporeans are the least likely to believe vaccines are safe in general, with just 61 percent saying so, compared to 62 percent in France and 75 percent in the United Kingdom. They are also the least likely to believe vaccines are safe. In comparison, 72 percent in France and 78 percent in Australia agree. Some of the apprehension regarding any vaccine stems from concerns about its efficacy as a result of its rapid growth. In Singapore, 65 percent of citizens agree with this assertion to some degree.
Khan, S., (2020) conducted a study to analyse the beliefs and barriers associated with COVID-19 vaccination among the general population in India. The research was carried out using an online self-administered questionnaire that was distributed to India's general population in October 2020. According to the findings, 55 percent of 351 624 participants believe the COVID-19 vaccine will be secure, whereas only 46.2 percent believe it will be efficient. The majority of the participants (86.3%) planned to get the COVID-19 vaccine, while 13.7 percent expressed reservations. However, only 65.8% of those polled said they would get vaccinated as soon as possible if the vaccine were affordable. Concerns about vaccine side effects were also established as a major obstacle to vaccine acceptance, according to the report. The study's main results can be used to help organise vaccine campaigns. Furthermore, if additional tests may affirm the safety and efficacy of available vaccine candidates, vaccine acceptance can be increased within the population.

Material and Methods:-
The current study used a cross-sectional design based on an online questionnaire.This was carried out in Udaipur district from Decemcer10 to Janurary10. A non-probability snowball sampling technique was used for online survey. A total of 944 responses were received out off 1200. The samples were including public of Udaipur district residents during the rapid rise period of the COVID-19 outbreak. Because it was notfeasible to do a communitybased national samplingsurvey during this special period, we decided to collect the data online.
An online structured questionnaire was developed by using Google forms, with a consent form appended to it. The link of the questionnaire was sent through e-mails, WhatsApp and other social media to the contacts of the investigators. The participants were encouraged to roll out the survey to as many people as possible. Thus, the link was forwarded to people apart from the first point of contact and so on. On receiving and clicking the link the participants got auto directed to the information about the study and informed consent. After they accepted to take the survey they filled up the demographic details. Then a set of several questions appeared sequentially, which the participants were to answer. This Google form contained a brief introduction on thebackground, objective, procedures, voluntary natureof participation, declarations of anonymity andconfidentiality, and notes for filling in thequestionnaire.
The questionnaire consisted of two parts: demographics and attitude scale. Demographic variables included gender, age, area of residence,occupation and educational status.Three point likert scale (Agree, Not sure, and Disagree) consist of total 16 statements were prepared to assess attitude towards COVID-19 vaccination.Participants were asked whether they accept to receive COVID-19 vaccines when they are approved and available in Udaipur district with 3 response levels (acceptance, neutral, non acceptance).The questionnaire was initially designed in English and translated into Hindi by Google translator to match with the local colloquial Hindi terminology usedby physicians and health educators in the community.Frequency and percentage distributionwas used to present the data.

Findings:
Section-I Demographic distribution of participant Distribution of participant according to gender shows that majority of respondents (N=728, Percentage=77.1%) were male and remaining 22.9% respondents (N=216) were female. No one respondent was found to be transgender. Distribution of respondents according to age, shows that majority of respondents (N=776, Percentage=82.20%) belonged to the age group between 18-30 years, 12.30%respondents (N=116) belonged to the age group between 31-40,4.20% respondents (N=40) belonged to the age group between 41 to 50 years, 0.8%respondents (N=8) belonged to the age group of more than 50 years and 0.4% respondents (N=4) belonged to age group of less than 18 years.
Distribution of respondents according totheir residence; majority of respondents (N=604, Percentage=64%) belonged to rural area and remaining 36% respondents (N=340) belonged to urban area.
Distribution of respondents according to their occupation shows that majority of respondents (N=872, Percentage=92.4%) werehealth care worker and remaining 7.6% respondents (N=72) werenot related health care sector.
Distribution of respondents according to their educational status shows that majority of respondents (N=696, Percentage=73.7%) having Bachelor's or higher degree,25% respondents (N=236) have less than a bachelor's degree remaining 1.3% respondents (N=12) were uneducated.

Conclusion:-
It is concluded that acceptence towards covid-19 vaccination is high.Majority of respondets would get Covid-19 vaccine and have positive attitiude towards Covid-19 Vaccine. They beleived that vaccine is safe and they will recommended to their family members also.Government effort should be made to fast distribute Covid-19 Vaccination.