DEVELOPMENT NEED ASSESSMENT AND EVOLVING PLAN FOR BOGALUR BLOCK, RAMANATHPURAM DISTRICT, TAMIL NADU

This study has done to find the minimum needs to the people of Bogalur block, Ramanathpuram district of Tamil Nadu. Needs assessment is a process for determining an organization’s needs. It usually consists of three main parts:Initiation, Data Collection & Analysis and Final Production.A needs assessment can be implemented within the organization and within the community to categorize an arising need. Any training needs assessment depends on the condition& situation of the place to implement. This research helps to understand the problem faced by the people and what kind of need they have. The methodology used for this study iscollection of secondary data, collection of primary data through PRAs and personal interview. And After identifying the need of poor community people, a plan has been developed for the block along with community participation. It an in-depth knowledge of the place or which and on the Every context (Rural, urban, coastal, and tribal) of has its own variat ion such like geographical location, life style, culture, livelihood, and language, technology while the development is still far away from few packets of indie in which the tribal and rural arise. This study covers the rural context where and which this study has done to find the minimum needs of the people of Bogalur block, Ramanathapuram district of Tamil Nadu. The need assessment process had taken place to identify the major development issue and the needs of the community. So by identifying those major development issues and the community demand and expectation, the plane has been evolved with community participation. The assessment process involved research methodologies mentioned above such like the survey, participatory rural appraisal tools, Rapid rural assessment, face to face interview and the focused group discussion with community from different and group on different research questions. Objectives were derived with lead variables, sub variables and the tools be used. The ideal equality is 0 and the ideal inequality is 1, these both are the two impossible extremes. The good Gini index have the tendency to go towards 0. Here the income inequality was there and it was not normal. The inequality for this place is 0.78 which is not normal.


nd village-Ettivayal:
Ettivayal is a small village in Bogalur block of Ramnathpuram District. It is located 4 KM towards west from District headquarters Ramanathapuram and 5 KM from Bogalur village.
Ettivayal have the total population of 887 in 172 households. The female population of this village is 983 which are nearly 49% of total population. And the total literacy rate of the village is 64%, out of which female literacy rate is 26%.

rd village-Seyyalur:
Seyyalur is a Village in Bogalur Block in Ramanathapuram District of Tamil Nadu State, India. It is located 4 KM towards North from District headquarters Ramanathapuram. 514 KM from State capital Chennai. Seyyalur Local Language is Tamil. Seyyalur Village Total population is 512 and number of houses are 114. Female Population is 46.7%. Village literacy rate is 65.6% and the Female Literacy rate is 26.6%.

Study Design and Methodology:-
The study is primarily based on people perception with heavily relied review of secondary data relating to agriculture, socio-economic and dairy activities for finding the scope for promoting farmer producer organization. For collecting primary data, following techniques has been used.

Pilot Survey:
For pre testing, draft interview schedule was prepared and distributed it among 5-10 respondents and based on their answer main interview schedule was modified.

Interview schedule:
By studying many review literature, taking guidance from guide and after conducting pilot survey main interview schedule was prepared.

Data collection process:
Structured and unstructured Interview & PRA Tools has been used for primary data.

Secondary data:
For collecting secondary data following sources has been visited; 1) Panchayat 2) Aanganwadi PRA Tools: Social Mapping followed by Wealth Ranking, Daily calendar, Matrix ranking.

Sampling design: Random Sampling:
Random sampling is a part of the sampling technique in which each sample has an equal probability of being chosen. A sample chosen randomly is meant to be an unbiased representation of the total population.

Why Random sampling:
This methodology has used because the objective is to find the need of the whole block which means here all the community people, all class people (rich, middle, poor) should include in the sample so, then only the actual need can be identified. And based on the their needs development plan can be evaluated. Good nutrition is an important part of leading a healthy lifestyle. Along with physical exercises, our diet helps us to reach and maintain a healthy weight. Eating well is fundamental to good health and well-being. Healthy eating helps us to maintain a healthy weight and reduces our risk of type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and some cancers. Health decides the human capital of the family, if everyone is healthy in a family it means they can save more money for their future because there will be no expenses on health-related issues. And if the head of the family is healthy it means the family will make good money and they can give a batter education to their children. Every individual should take a minimum 3 times food in a day along with 2 to 3 vegetables without consuming any kind of intoxication things such as alcohol etc.
So in this block, 40% of people follow a good health practice, they take food 3 times a day along with 2 to 3 vegetables without consuming any intoxication kind of thing. And 28% of people follow a normal health practice, which means they take food only for 2 times along with two vegetables and any one of the family members consume alcohol weekly. And rest of 32% of people takes 2-time food in a day and anyone of the family member consumes alcohol daily.

Health vs. Education:
Head of the family's education status has been taken from each family and analysis has been made based on their health practice and education status. For health, the respondent and their family's intake of food 3 times in a day with minimum 2 vegetables and alcohol consumption by anyone of the family member has taken as an indicator and the chart has been made.
From the above chart, it has found that highly educated families don't follow poor health practices and on the other hand, uneducated families have the highest numbers for following the poor health practice.
But here we can have one another analysis that uneducated people also follow good health practice (Around9 families) even after not having any knowledge about food practices.

Suggestions:-
From school and other education institution stage itself, awareness can be given to the students to provide the knowledge about the need and the importance of the insurance. And also education sector can facilitate students for the enrolling for the insurance.

Alcohol Consumption Habits:
The major problem in the village is addiction towards alcohol. Only men are having habit of consuming alcohol. This alcohol addiction is not only affects the health of the person who consume it but also it is one of the income drainage factor on many of the poor low income household which affects the whole family members because of the one addicted in the family. Number of People more poorest because when the family's major income earner is drunker, all the earning of men is mostly being spent for alcohol. Since women in the poor and middle class family are also going for wage work, she is managing the family expenditure with her daily wage. In the end that family is obviously going under dept.

Insurance:
If we talk about insurance here 59% of people have insurance and the rest of 41% of people don't have any type of insurance. All 59% of people have only life insurance, and out of this 59% of people have done their insurance from LIC, and rest 41% of people have insurance from SHG. But the surprising thing is that mostly uneducated community have enrolled under the life insurance even though it is educated people who have the awareness towards the importance of the insurance. So, the reason behind enrolled under life insurance among uneducated community, is the financial institutions. In almost all the villages in Tamil Nadu are somehow linked with the NGO or microfinance institution for the financial dependency. For the requirement of being a part in the NGO, people are grouped among their self into a self-help group. So along with credit facility, people are also availed an insurance service by the NGO through the self-help groups. In this way poor people are driven to be part life insurance scheme which one of the services given by the NGO for its community. People are also education and sharing information with each other's in their groups. There by many uneducated and poor community is comparatively more in involving them self under such schemes and policy. Next to uneducated, 9 th to 10 th school going students are also enrolled under insurance. And it's being found that, the student whose parents are in self-help group, have enrolled under insurance. Because the parents are encouraging their children to join in insurance. Except those two-category group, remaining people are comparatively less in going for insurance including graduates.

Health status:
Health status of the community, 55% of the people have no health issue. 19% of the people only have chronic pain. 13% have BP and 5% of the people have BP, diabetes and chronic pain, another 5% of the people have BP and diabetes alone.

Education:
In terms of education, in 36% of families any one member have studied up to collage which is a good indicated for the education and future security of the family. But no one has studied from the 4% of the families which indicates their vulnerability of life and low standard of living. And during this survey it has found that in 45% of families anyone person have stopped his education due to some reasons. And 55% of families don't have any dropout. The reasons behind dropout are, 47% of people have stopped their study because they were not able to continue their study due to their family conditions. And 53% of people left their study because of not having interest in continuing their studies. There are many such factors behind dropout, one of the reasons is that the poor economic condition of the village households. Especially when there is no income earner or only one income earner in the family, obviously the son is expected to take the responsibility of the family. In some other cases there is not such proper guidance from the parents to encourage their children to study, rather they become one of the reason due to their ignores. If we talk about preference for schools, so here 53% of families send their children to government schools and 47% of the family sends their children to private schools.

Education vs Insurance:
Here this chart shows the comparison of insurance and the education status of the people. But the surprising thing is that mostly uneducated community have enrolled under the life insurance even though it is educated people who have the awareness towards the importance of the insurance. So the reason behind enrolled under life insurance among uneducated community, is the financial institutions. In almost all the villages in Tamil Nadu are somehow linked with the NGO or microfinance institution for the financial dependency. For the requirement of being a part in the NGO, people are grouped among their self into a self-help group. So along with credit facility, people are also availed an insurance service by the NGO through the self-help groups. In this way poor people are driven to be part life insurance scheme which one of the service given by the NGO for its community. People are also education and sharing information with each other's in their groups. There by many uneducated and poor community is comparatively more in involving them self under such schemes and policy. Next to uneducated, 9 th to 10 th school going students are also enrolled under insurance. And it's being found that, the student whose parents are in selfhelp group, have enrolled under insurance. Because the parents are encouraging their children to get the insurance. Except those two category group, remaining people are comparatively less in going for insurance including graduates.

Livelihood:
In Number of people All these tree village had good ground water till 1980 because there were no bore well and villagers used to get water from well and tanks. But after 1980 villager started constructing bore well and the ground water level started decreasing slowly. In starting years villager didn't take it as a big issue but after 2005 the ground water level decreased by 350 feet and these villages didn't get good rainfall during 2005 to 2010 so now villagers were depending on only bore-well for their agriculture and domestic propose.
This block didn't get good rainfall from last few year and all the tanks were totally empty. And finally now the ground water level is 1000 to 1100 feet during summer session and 500 to 600 feet during winter session. According to historical calendar the ground water level is decreasing by average of 500 feet per every 10 year so it is possible that the ground water level will be 1500 feet in 2030.

MGNREGA:
People also go for MGNREGA work, so here 89% of the families have MGNREG job cards and whenever work comes they go for the job. But 11% of families don't have MGNREGA job card and while asking it has found that most of the members of these families have other sources of income so they don't go for MGNREGA work. And last year 44% of families got work for 61 to 80 days, 14% of families got work for 81 to 100 days, 41% of families got work for 21 to 40 days, and only 1% of families who didn't go for work.

Livestock:
If we focus on livestock so, livestock are major supporting livelihoods of poor farmers, labourers' to have an alternative source of income with high maintenance and less input cost. During this study it has found that most of the people go for daily wages work and they are not interested for livestock. Here

Migration:
Migration is one of the indicator of not having employments inside the village so, most of the families (Head of the family) that don't have any land or have very less agriculture land have been migrated from their village to another place. From 32% of the families head of the family or responsible person or whole family have migrated, 68% families are working in village or nearby village. There are two natures for every migration Choice or Distressed. Choice migration is always good towards better life but Distressed migration is one of the reasons of unemployment, agriculture failure etc. So here 16% of the families have migrate with their choice and the head of the family is educated but 84% of the people have migrated because of trouble. During the study it has found that 71% of people have migrated because of not having work opportunity, 17% of people have migrated because agriculture failure and 12% of people have migrated for getting more income.

Standard of Living:
The most important factor of human development is standard of living and it have following indicators-house, toilet, fuel, asset, water and electricity. According to the human development report of Ramanathapuram, it says that Bogalur block come under last three ranks in the district. Housing is considered as one of the very basic need of human being. This block has mixed type of houses. Here 60% people live in pucca house which is actually good, but rest of the people doesn't have access of pucca house. 39% of people live in thatched house and 1% of the people live in tiles house. Toilet, it is one of indicator which shows the clarity and sanitation. It is directly connected with health. Here in this block 93% of the people have access of toilet; many families have got support from government for constructing toilet. But 7% of the people don't have access of toilet. While asking questions to these 7% of people it has found that out of this 7% of people 50% people don't have money to construct toilet and they didn't get any kind of help from government. And 25% people are not interested to construct because of their practice, this 25% belongs to F5 family category which means they are independent and they are very elder so because of their 2020 500-600 1000-1100 500 2030 1000-1100 1500-1600 500 1100 traditional practice they don't want to construct toilet. Rests of 25% of people have started constructing their toilet and within one to two month it will be ready.
Out of these 93% of families who have access of toilet, 4% of families don't use toilet. And it has found that their toilets are not in working positions, so they all follow the practice of open defecation.
Water is one of basic need for human being and good quality water is one of the indicator of standard of living. In this block people have many water bodies but the quality of water is not good and people don't use that water for drinking purpose. People buy 25 liter of drinking water for Rs. 13.
For domestic purpose people have many water bodies suck like hand pump, river, Oorani, tank etc. but most of the water bodies don't have water. So here 25% of the people depend on government bore well, 11% of people have their own bore well which have enough water for domestic purpose, 33% of people depends on Oorani and 31% of people depend of river. People get water from Kaveri River and they are allowed to get 5 jar of water in a day, which is not sufficient for them sometimes but they need to wait for next day to get water.
Few households are very near with water sources but few households are too much far away from the water sources.
Here 73% of people are only 0 to 200 meter away from the water source, 15% of people are 201 to 400meter, and 4% of people are 401 to 600 meter, 8% of people 601 to 1000 meter away from the water sources.
It has found that in every family women only go to bring water and the average time for bring water is 18.89 or 19 min, and the average frequency of visiting water source is 2.88 or 3 times in a day which means women spend a big part of their time (Nearly 57 min or 2 hour) only to bring water in day.
Electricity is one of the major needs of every household. Electricity is most important for many livelihoods in rural places. And it helps people to work in any time (Night) as an alternative livelihood. It also helps to the children for their study.
While the study it has been found that every household have electricity which is a good indicator of standard of living.
Household assets are an important factor which shows the standard of living and affordability of family and how they are managing.
Fuel is one of the indicators which is related to the clean and affordable energy and as well as the health of the family. For cooking fuel every household have option such like firewood, L.P.G, Stove etc. According to sustainable development goal three (Good health and wellbeing), every household should have L.P.G.
Here there are many families who use both cooking fuel and few families use only one. Totally 77% of families use L.P.G as well as firewood, 7% of families use only firewood which is not good for their health because the major problem by firewood smoke is fine particles or fine particulate matter. These microscopic particles can go into our eyes and respiratory system, and it will result as burning eyes, runny nose and many other illnesses. And 16 % of people use only L.P.G which is a good symbol of a healthy life.

Wealth Ranking:
Wealth ranking is a tool that captures differences in standards of living as perceived by the community themselves, thus making it possible to gain insight into relative social stratification. Wealth ranking is being used to classify the poverty status of the households, Wealth ranking is used to understand the people's perceptions of wealth and welfare in their own village. For this wealth Ranking 60 household have been covered from the each village with the help of 3 to 4 people.
And according to wealth ranking the people who have 3 or more than 3 acre of land they are rich, and who have more than 1 acre of land and own bore well is coming under middle, landless people along with semi pucca house is coming under poor.
Here 62% of the people belong from poor class family, 30% of the people belong to middle class family and only 8% of people belong to rich class family.
Poor are classified in S1, S2 and S3, which means survival, Subsistence and Self-employed. Here 44 families belong to S1 category which means 44 families don't have any land, no access of pucca house and they are totally depending on their daily wages for their basic needs. 17 families belong to S2 class which means they have only 0.5 acre of land where they do some agriculture activities but anyhow, they also do for labour work to improve their economic condition.
And 51 families belong to S3 category which means they have 1 acre of land and they do some agriculture activities and they have alternative livelihood such as livestock.

Lorenz Curve for Income:
Lorenz curve is a graphical representation of the inequality in the specific area. Lorenz curve is a curve which helps to measure the inequality in terms of money, land etc. It compares the highest income and lowest income of any given data from where it shows a curve which denotes the inequality.
There are many people who for daily wages to improve their economic condition but they don't get good amount of salary. On the other hand there are people who have more than 9 acres of land and make very good monthly income for their family. So, there is a huge inequality in terms of income among villagers. The poorest 71.11% of the population have 51.48% of total income. The ideal equality is 0 and the ideal inequality is 1, these both are the two impossible extremes. The good Gini index have the tendency to go towards 0. Here the income inequality was there and it was not normal. The inequality for this place is 0.78 which is not normal.