MORPHOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZES RESPONSES OF MORINGA OLEIFERA YIELD TO LOCALIZED IRRIGATION SYSTEMS, WATER RESTRICTION AND FERTILIZERS

This investigation of both of irrigation system, water restriction and soil conditioners on Morengaoleifera, (surface drip irrigation, D, buried drip, BD and mini-sprinkler, MS), as well for irrigating a magic crop like Morenga (Morengaoleifera) plants. Also, this work includes different irrigation water restriction which represent two three treatments (100, 80 and 60% of calculated applied water, W1, W2 and W3 respectivly), more over threes soil conditioners (Compost, C, Farm manure, FM, Mud, M). The experiment was carried out inShalatien

A field experiment was carried in an Abo Sfera , Shalatien where it situates in the east -west of the Red sea in Egypt (elevation 12.75 m, Latitude 31̊̊ 22̍ 55̎ N and 29 27 ̍ 15̎ E.). Soil samples have variable origins and CaCO3 content, TypicTorripsamments, Mixed, Hyperthermic and TypicCalciorthents, loamy mixed, Thermic, respectively according to Soil Taxonomy as described by Soil Survey Staff (1975). The study is conducted to evaluate the interaction effect of some soil organic fertilization, (i.e., Compost, Farm Yard Manure and Filter Mud), in addition to the suitable irrigation water scheduling by 80% and 60% (i.e. 20% and 40% as soil moisture depletion treatments) in addition to 100% (as a control) treatment quantities calculated from Penman -Monteith equation under the modern irrigation system, (i.e. surface and sub-surface drip irrigation systems besides mini sprinkler ) on maximizing Morenga production. All treatments repeated three times under statistical design as Split -Split plot design.
The investigation area is characterized as a desert region and the soil of the trial site was deep, well drained sandy which contents of 78.95% sand, 16 An irrigation water sample was taken and the chemical properties were determined according to (Black, 1983)of the studied area. The data in table (2) shows the value of EC of irrigation water, which reached 4.23 dS/m and pH 7.65. The highest value of cations was for Na, (18.34Me/L) and the highest value of anions was for Cl-, (35.67 me/l). This means that the dominant salt is NaCl, which need to spotlight in this trial.
Irrigation systems and control head: The drip irrigation system was used to irrigate Moringa trees. The system consists of a diesel pump (18m 3 /h, flow rate) which takes water from open sub-surface tank (75m 3 capacity) through two filter units, the first one is screen (130 mesh) and the other is gravel filter.   The filtration system is controlled by safety valve, relief valve, four control valves, pressure regulator unit, flow meter unit, air tank (balloon) unit, 6.4 mm pressure meter. The manifold is 50 mm PVCpipeline with 50 mm end plug for flushing. Thedrippers flow rate of 4 L/h (GR), the space of two drippers is 50cm. Theywere installed in 16 mm Polyethylene laterals as one and two lines, surface and subsurface systems. Mini sprinklers were installed with each 10 meters apart.
Phenological stages and irrigation schedule for Moringa plantations in the studied area are shown in table (6) which cleared how much irrigation water need, (m 3 /ha/day) for every growth stage and when they added besides to the crop coefficient which ranged from 0.4 for the early spring and harvest stages to 0.5 for the other most Moringa growth stages . Also, the table shows that the annual irrigation rate was 7714 m 3 /ha.Daily rate (liters/tree) as water amounts for Moringa trees is shown in Table (6) which ranged from 30 in the early spring and fall growth stages to 513 60 in the summer season besides the irrigation interval (days) which ranged from 3 to 7 days.The Evapotranspiration process combined of two processes whereby water is lost from the soil surface by evaporation and on the other hand from the crop by transpiration. (Allen et al., 1998) selected the FAO Penman-Monteith method to estimate ET o as follows: The irrigation requirements of olive orchards (the most similar tree of Moringa) was calculated based on the Penman -Monteith equation, multiplied by the season-specific crop coefficient (KC) ( Table 4). Seasonal crop water requirement: 7714 m 3 /ha/ year; under drip irrigation system as mentioned above.ET crop can be found by the equation that aforementioned that Allen et al. (1998) reported that crop coefficient is "The ratio of the actual Evapotranspiration (ET a ) occurring with a specific crop at a specific stage of growth to potential Evapotranspiration at the same time, i.e.

Water use efficiency (kg/m 3 ):
It is expressed as the weight of yield (kg/ha). Computed for the different treatment by using the formula of El-Boraie (2006) and Vites (1965)as follow: WUE=Biological yield (kg/ha) / Applied water amounts (m 3 /ha), according to Pumping energy applied efficiency (EAE) was calculated as follows:

Statistical analysis:
All the obtained data during the two seasons of study were subjected to analysis of variance method meanwhile; differences among means were compared using Duncan's multiple range tested at a probability of 5 % level according to (Snedecor and Cochran, 1990) and (Duncan, 1955).

Results and Discussion:-Trunk diameter and pods Tree quantity:
The highest values of trunk diameter is under buried drip irrigation, 100% of applied water and compost according to the zero stress of water restriction and the minimum losses of water by evaporation according to burialof the dripper under the soil surface and the next values which response to the treatments is located under surface drip irrigation, 100% of applied water and compost on the other side the lowest values of trunk diameter of Moringa trees is under mini-sprinkler, 60% of applied water and farm yard manure then under compost and filter mud, and these results are due to the water stress on plant which affected on the biological process which also effect on growth parameters of plants and these results are agreed with Vasconceloset al. 2019.

Seeds yields (g) per tree, and weight per 1000 seeds (g):
The buried drip irrigation effects positively on the both of seeds yields (g) per tree, and weight per 1000 seeds (g) as clear in table (6), moreover the water restriction treatments has the same behavior, and by the same token the compost is the most positively impact factor of both of seeds yields (g) per tree, and weight per 1000 seeds (g) , on the other side the lowest significant values of both of seeds yields (g) per tree, and weight per 1000 seeds (g) is under mini-sprinkler, 60% of applied water and filter mud.These data are according to Kumar et al. 2014.Table (6).

Oil yields per tree (g) and oil Yields per/ Acer (kg):
As clear in table (7), for irrigation system, the highest positive impact on the Oil yields per tree (g) and Oil Yields per/ Acer (kg) is for buried drip irrigation system, surface drip irrigation system and min-sprinkler irrigation respectively, where for water restriction the highest negative impact on Oil yields per tree (g) and Oil Yields per/ Acer (kg) is 60%, 80% and 1005 of applied water respectively. And finally for the soil conditioners, the highest positive impact oil yields per tree (g) and oil Yields per/ Acer (kg) is compost, farm yard and filter Mud, ts requiremen Energy    Oil Yields per/ Acer (kg) Oil Yields per tree (g) SCSCSC WR

Chlorophyll A-B contents, total chlorophyll and Carotenoids contents of Moringaoleifera plants:
Data illustrated in both of table (8 and 9) shown that the highest significant difference of chlorophyll A -B, total chlorophyll and carotenoids contents is buried drip irrigation and 100% of applied water and 80% of applied water and finally under the compost and Filter mud, Physiological traits such as photosynthetic pigments (a, b and total chlorophylls), it's important to clear that the influence of irrigation systems, water restriction and soil conditioners 516 of Chlorophyll A-B contents, total chlorophyll and Carotenoids contents is a positive influence and significant in the higher levels of contents, photosynthetic rate, transpiration, stomata conductance and stomata traits like aperture, leaf water related like relative water content percentage and water use efficiency are of the most important physiological traits. Photosynthetic pigments are important to plants mainly for harvesting light10. Gas exchange of the plants (photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance) is the principal plant process responsible for plant biomass production and for plant adaptation to adverse environment, Lawlor 2009. Total carbohydrates Vitamin C contents of Moringaoleifera plants: Table (10) clear that the heights significant values of total carbohydrates and vitamin C is surface drip and buried drip and in the last class the mini-sprinkler, and for water restriction is 100, 80 and 60% of applied water respectively, and for soil conditioners the highest influence positively is compost farm yard manure and filter mud respectively, these influence according to the water stress which followed by salinity stress which lead to the physiological process progress or vice versa, according to the desert climate of experimental zone which encourage the water evaporation in addition to evapotranspiration and stressing on growth stages to keep the genus from extinction as a self-adaptation of all-round environment.

Nitrogen, Calcium, Fe and Zinc contents of Moringaoleifera plants:
Analyses clear that the highest values of Nitrogen, Calcium, iron and Zinc is 100, 80, and 605 of applied water respectively, and for soil conditioners is compost, farm manure and filter mud due to the ratio of these element in every soil conditioners, on the other hand, there is no strong significant differences of treatments of irrigation systems. The last results are agreed with (Amanullah et al. 2010).

Water use efficiency of Moringaoleifera plants, (kg/m 3 ):
The highest values of crop water use efficiency and field water use efficiency is BD, B and MS respectively, while for soil conditioners is compost, farm manure and filter mud respectively, finally for water restrictions, the highest values is 100, 80 and 60% of applied water, it's important to mention that the highest valued of treatments interaction is BD, 80% and compost, which lead to save about 20% of applied water and this is very sensitive value 518 of save water in arid area, as known shalateen area is very arid area and featured by water scarcity, the high significant influence of buried drip on crop and field water use efficiency is due to the saved water in BD comparing with both of surface drip and mini-sprinkler according to the evaporation of surface is high in desert climate zone, moreover, the mini-sprinkler had the lowest values of water use efficiency according to the pressurized water droplets in jet support the water evaporation, which lead to the water losses by evaporation and the converse behavior of buried (subsurface drip irrigation). The last results are agreed with both of (Sakellariou-Makrantonaki,.And Papanikolaou.2008, Ayars et al. 2015, Colaizzi et al. 2006, and Camp 1988), Figure (1) and table (13).

Cost analysis of Moringaoleifera plants under irrigation systems:
The data clear that the highest significant difference of values of irrigation cost of unite production (as follow for the irrigation systems is Buried drip, Mini-sprinkler and drip irrigation system respectively, and for water restriction is for 100, 80 and 60% of applied water except under buried drip irrigation system the lowest value under 100% of applied water according to the highest production units of Moringa yield which, and finally for soil conditionersit's clear that the highest values is filter mud, manure and compost respectively, whatever the irrigation cost of unite production is indicator for the cost of water unite and the production unite during the against relationship, and it can be noted that the buried drip irrigation had the highest costs of unit production according to the incremental costs according to the additional process of installation of irrigation and the hoses burial under the soil surface as a result for the last process the buried drip irrigation is the highest fixed cost comparing with the other irrigation systems , and the mini-sprinkler comes in the second class according to the costs of operating head which is featured all of sprinkler irrigation comparing with the other irrigation systems. The last results are agreed with (Bosch et al., 1998; Phene, 1999, Henggeler, 1997; and Camp, 1998). Figure (2) and table (15).

Pumping energy analysis of irrigation systems:
As shown in figure (3), the highest values of pumping energy applied efficiency (EAE) is obtained by buried drip, surface drip and finally mini-sprinkler respectively, it's need to describe that the highest significant differences between mini-sprinkler and two drip systems are due to the high operating energy of sprinkler comparing with drip irrigation system moreover, the lowest values of Moringa yield as a result to water losses by evaporation from sprinkler, and here the influence of climate changes is clear, where the water losses from sprinkler as a results of direct impact of high temperature, wind and humidity, and for water restriction treatments, it's logic to be the highest values of applied energy for the highest amount of applied water so that, the highest values of pumping energy applied efficiency (EAE) is 100, 80 and 60% of applied water, respectively according to the positive relationship of both of applied water amounts and applied pumping energy, finally the soil conditioners are related to the Moringa yield, as it is clear the highest significant positive values is compost, filter mud and manure respectively.the last results are logic according to

Conclusion:-
MoringaOlifera is very economic plant and medical, grown under desert conditions and arid area; in this investigation data it's clear the follows measurements and parameters such as morphological and chemical characterizes measurements are taken as follows: Trunk Diameter, Pods Tree Quantity, Seeds Yields (g) per tree, Weight per 1000 seeds (g), oil yields per tree (g), oil Yields per/ Acer (kg), chlorophyll A-B, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, Total carbohydrates, vitamin C,Nitrogen, Calcium, Fe and zinc content of Moringaoleifera plants in 521 addition to Water use efficiency, cost analysis, energy analysis in two studied seasons, (2017-2018/2018-2019) are expose to investage and results show that the most positive influence of irrigation is buried irrigation, drip irrigation and mini-sprinkler respectively, due to the saved water from losses by evaporation under drought conditions. And the most positive influence of water restrictions treatments is 100, 80 and 60% respectively, but the in many measurements the differences between both of 100 and 80% of applied water is not significant, so it's more economical to approve 80% of applied water under buried drip irrigation, which means about 20% of applied water can be saved without any influence of Moringa yield or morphological and chemical characterizes, moreover the most positive influence are obtained by compost, manure and filter mud. Finally to have the best results of yield and quality parameters which support the economic and environmental feasibility, it's recommended by using buried drip irrigation, 80% of calculated applied water and compost.