CHANGES IN LAND COVER OF THE MOUNT SIRIMAU PROTECTED GROUP, AMBON CITY MALUKU PROVINCE

Changes in land cover will always occur in forest areas either naturally or due to human intervention, changes for the better or damage. The Protected Forest Group Mount Sirimauis part of the Ambon City Protected Forest which was established in 1996, but there are still changes in land cover. The purpose of this study was to determine changes in the land cover before and after the establishment of the Protected Forest Group Mount Sirimau. The research method used is a descriptive research method that explains the results of the map overlay of land cover changes. Changes in the land cover before designation as protected forest (1990-1996) contained 4 (four) land cover classes of Primary Dryland Forest, Secondary Dryland Forest, Shrub Bush, and Shrub Dryland Agriculture. There are 7 (seven) land cover changes after designation as protected forest (2000-2019), namely Primary Dryland Forest, Secondary Dryland Forest, Shrub Bush, Savana, Dryland Agriculture Mixed with Shrubs, Dryland Agriculture and Settlements. Changes in land cover are strongly influenced by social, economic, cultural and political factors, so there must be synergy from the bottom up and top down for socialization and affirmation of forest functions and their use by applicable regulation.The nearby study analyses the solid waste management in Tamil Nadu. Solid waste comprised all the wastes arising from human and animal activities that are normally solid and that are discarded useless or unwanted. The increasing difficulty in managing wastes in different states in Tamil Nadu. On the basis of the results, it was recommended to increase public awareness through enlightenment campaign against danger of indiscriminate dumping of wastes as they affect human health.


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( Barrett & Curtis, 1982). Land cover is a significant problem in geographic analysis from physical geographic investigations to environmental inspection and spatial planning (Rujoiu-Mare and Mihai, 2016). Land cover is a parameter that is easy to detect because it reflects interactions between human socio-economic activities and regional ecological responses, it can be used to represent ecosystem services and livelihood support (Costa et al., 2017;Gilani et al., 2014;Kiswanto et al., 2018). Changes in land cover are also inseparable from changes in land use because they will affect the nature of the soil which will also affect the growing vegetation. Changes in land use pattern can affect the inputs and output of nutrients in soil system thus can influence available nutrients and soil physical quality (George, et al., 2013).
Land cover change is a change that occurs in the description of objects on the earth's surface obtained from selected data sources and grouped into classes of cover according to their needs (Forestry Planning Agency, 2004). Changes in land cover can occur naturally or due to human intervention. The practice of shifting cultivation involves slashing the land cover and burning the vegetation to clear the lands for subsistence agriculture (Cornelio & Bk, 2011). Human intervention occurs because the community around the forest area existed before the designation of the forest according to its function.
Land cover change reveals the effects of natural and human processes (Soffianian & Madanian, 2015) and affects local and regional climate, carbon, water, and biodiversity, which are major components of environmental change (Adhikari et al., 2017;Grimm et al., 2008;Turner et al., 2007;Yuet al., 2016).
One of the forest areas with a protected function, such as the Sirimau Mountain Forest Group, needs to know the condition of its closure to support its function as a support for human life. The protected forest is a forest area that has the main function of protecting life support systems to regulate water management, prevent flooding, control erosion, prevent seawater intrusion and maintain soil fertility (Law on Forestry No. 41/1999) Information about changes in the closure of protected forest in Ambon City since its establishment until now, is not yet available. Information on pattern and change of land use are crucial for the understanding of human activities in an area at a specific time period (Herwirawan, et al, 2017). Accurate, current, and long-term information on land cover is required for environmental studies, land management, appropriate development, change monitoring, carbon stock estimation and many other applications ( . Detection of land cover change is necessary for a better understanding of landscape dynamics during a certain period in sustainable management (Rawat & Kumar, 2015). Therefore, this study was conducted to determine changes in the land cover before and after the determination of the Sirimau Mountain Forest Group as a Protected Forest Group in Ambon City, Maluku Province.

Materials and Methods :-
Research sites:-The research location used as the location for the analysis of land cover change is the Mount Sirimau Protected Forest Group, Ambon City, Maluku Province, Indonesia. The location was chosen as the sample because it is a strategic location in the upstream part of the city, and there is a lot of population pressure. The data analysis method used is descriptive method. The map output of the Protected Forest Group Mount Sirimau land cover map was analyzed descriptively based on the exported quantitative data from the Data Attribute Table to Excel.

Results and Discussion :-
The results of the analysis of land cover changes in 1990,1996,2000,2006,2011,2015 and 2019 in the Protected Forest Group Mount Sirimau can be seen in Figure 3.  (Table 1) All types of dryland agriculture were intermittent with scrub, scrub, and logged-over forests. Often appears in shifting cultivation areas, and karst planting locations. This class also includes a mixed garden class 5 Savana The non-natural appearance of a forest is grass, sometimes with few shrubs or trees. This appearance is natural in parts of Southeast Sulawesi, East Nusa Tenggara, and southern parts of Papua. This appearance can occur on dry land or swamp (swamp grass) 6 Dryland farming All agricultural activities on dry land such as moor, mixed culture, and fields 7 Settlements /Land built Residential areas, both urban, rural, industrial, and others that show a tight flow pattern. Source : Director General of Forestry Planning, 2015 The area of land cover change can be seen in Table 2 and the fluctuation of the change can be seen in Table 2 and Figure 3.     883 territory (ulayat rights). The people around the Protected Forest Group Mount Sirimau claim that the protected forest is their customary territory (ulayat rights), so they are active in the protected forest, and some even sell land for settlement.
The land cover class of dry land mixed with shrubs and dryland agriculture indicates the use of protected areas for cultivation, indicating that there has been population pressure on protected areas to meet or maintain the survival of communities around protected areas (Istanto et al., 2018). If this condition is not controlled, it will reduce the function of protected areas (Istanto et al., 2018). Meanwhile, the use of protected forests is only the use of environmental services, as in Government Regulation Number 3 of 2008 concerning amendments to Government Regulation Number 6 of 2007 that the utilization of environmental services in protected forests as referred to in Article 23 paragraph (1) letter b is carried out, among others, through business activities. : a. utilization of water flow; b. water utilization; c. natural tourism; d. biodiversity protection; e. rescue and environmental protection; or f. carbon sequestration and/or storage (Article 25 (1)). Furthermore, paragraph 2 states that the business activities for the use of environmental services in protected forests are carried out provided that they do not: a. reduce, change or eliminate its main function; b. changing landscapes; and c. destroy the balance of environmental elements (Article 25 (2)) (Government of the Republic of Indonesia, 2008). Meanwhile, the condition that occurs is the use of agricultural land and even settlements and forest fires, thereby reducing and changing the main functions and landscapes that may damage the balance of environmental elements. The ideal protection forest should have good vegetation to support the main function of the protected forest as a protection for life support systems to regulate water system and prevent flooding. Changes in land cover caused by human intervention indicate inconsistencies in implementing regulations on the use of protected forests. The dualism of government policies, which on the one hand seeks to protect protected areas and establishes rules to preserve them, but on the other hand opens the opportunity for these protected forest areas to be exploited (Ginoga et al., 2005).

Conclusions:-
The condition of land cover in the Protected Forest Group Mount Sirimau was dominated by Shrub Bush. Primary dryland forest tends to decline, while secondary dryland forest has increased in 2019, although in the previous year it tended to decrease and was less than in 1990. There were 7 (seven) land cover classes in the Protected Forest Group Mount Sirimau, namely Land Forest. Primary Dry, Secondary Dryland Forest, Shrub/Scrub, Shrub-Mixed Dryland Agriculture, Savana, Dryland Agriculture, Dryland Agriculture and Settlements. Changes in land cover in the Protected Forest Group Mount Sirimau have experienced significant degradation and deforestation.

Recommendation:-
Changes in land cover resulting from human intervention should not occur if there is confirmation and socialization of the rules that protected forests are only used for environmental services and protection of natural resources so that the main functions of protected forests can run well. Naturally, it can carry out intensive rehabilitation to reduce degradation and improve land cover. If a human intervention can be eliminated by socialization and affirmation of protected forest and its benefits and how it is managed to the community.