PRODUCTIVE CROP FARMINGPATTERNS ON DUSUNG LAND IN AMBON ISLAND (CASE STUDY IN ALLANG VILLAGE, WEST LEIHITU DISTRICT AND HUTUMURI VILLAGE, SOUTH LETIMUR DISTRICT)

1. Faculty of Agriculture Pattimura University. 2. Facultyof Forestry Hasanuddin University. ...................................................................................................................... Manuscript Info Abstract ......................... ........................................................................ Manuscript History Received: 15 June 2020 Final Accepted: 17 July 2020 Published: August 2020


ISSN: 2320-5407
Int. J. Adv. Res. 8(08), 438-444 439 agroforestry by looking at timber forest products and non-timber forest products, while the economic potential is seen from the economic value of agroforestry products produced from existing agroforestry systems (Putra et al., 2020).
Agroforestry is the collective name for land use systems and technologies in which woody perennials (trees, shrubs, palms, bamboo, etc.) are deliberately used in the same land management unit as agricultural crops and / or animals, either in some form of spatial planning or temporal sequence (Newman, 2018). Agroforestry, the practice of integrating trees and other large woody perennials in agriculture and across the landscape, can be recognized as a useful and promising strategy that diversifies production for greater social, economic and environmental benefits (Atangana et al., 2014).
The farming system applied in the sample villages is still classified as subsistence, with the farming system being carried out as a sub system by prioritizing short-term and permanent food crops and shifting cultivation. The permanent farming system applied to local farming communities always uses the dusung farming pattern. This farming pattern is a tradition and culture that has been passed down from generation to generation and is still maintained and preserved by the local community. Local commodity crops that are cultivated are predominantly plantation / fruit types (cloves, nutmeg, cocoa, coconut, durian, langsat, duku, mangosteen) and various types of food and horticultural crops (tubers, vegetables and fruits). This long-term agroforestry practice will also increase biodiversity with the presence of various types of bird species for feed needs (Achmad et al., 2013). This issue has led to increased interest in the potential of small-scale agroforestry systems to combine sustainable agriculture with biodiversity conservation, especially in rapidly developing tropical regions (Millang, 2015). In addition to providing natural resources (i.e. food, medicine, wood), agroforestry systems have the potential to sustain higher levels of biodiversity and greater biomass than crop systems or grasslands with lower diversity (Sistla et al., 2016). Responding to the importance of maintaining tree species that are identical to agricultural crops, land conservation plants and forests on land, it is necessary to look at the forms of dusung land use patterns in two different locations on Ambon Island, namely Allang Village and Hutumuri Village. application of silviculture so as to form a dusung ecosystem that has ecological and economic value, so it is necessary to carry out a continuous research study.

Research Problems:
Land use is always based on land characteristics and soil fertility levels that support crop productivity. Diversification mixes different areas to compare agroforestry performance and agricultural mosaic diversification strategies, taking into account the interaction effects of tree crops and economic and climatic uncertainties (Tscharntke et al., 2011). However, land use for farming purposes is carried out always considering the short-term and long-term economic value with traditional farming habits as a hereditary farming tradition (Sahureka&Talaohu, 2018). Observing this, how is the distribution of types of agricultural plants on dusung land owned by the community in Allang Village, West Leihitu District and Hutumuri Village, South Leitimur District, Ambon Island. Agroforestry has been suggested as a global solution to improve land use efficiency, while reducing environmental impacts and economic risks for farmers. Previous research has often focused on comparing tree crop combinations with monoculture farming, but agroforestry is rarely systematically compared to other forms of agriculture (Paul et al., 2017). In the context of this study, it is necessary to look at the distribution of plant species on dusung land both for plant types. cultivated or types of plants that grow independently during the ecological process and the amount of economic value obtained each time they produce.

Research Methods:-Place and Location of Research:
The areas selected for the research were dusung land owned by farmers in Allang Village, Leihitu Barat District and Hutumuri Village in South Leitimur District. These two villages have advantages and disadvantages based on customary farming patterns.

Research Approach:
Survey quantitative research starts from problems, which consist of background problems, problem identification, and problem formulation. In the vegetation analysis, the problem faced is making squares (sample plots) in the field. Meanwhile, the method without sample plots is based on the sample unit in the form of a point which can be placed 440 in the field randomly or systematically. The selection of the sampling method used depends on the morphological conditions of the plant species and their distribution, the objectives of the study and the costs and labor available.

Types of Tools and Data Sources:
The qualifications of the tools used in data collection in the field include; Work maps (topography, slopes and land cover maps), rope sheets, and a set of computer software and a set of writing tools. Sources of data taken are species diversity, environmental / habitat conditions, vegetation structure of dusung patterns, dominant species, stratification and aspection (changes in vegetation due to seasons).

Data Collection Techniques:
Data collection was carried out by interview and observation methods and field surveys to determine the types of plants by making sample plots. Sampling plot technique. All plants in the observation transect were identified and classified based on the growth phase, namely seedlings, saplings, poles, and trees. (Paembonan et al., 2020). Indepth interviews (indept interview) using interview guidelines and questionnaires. The indept interview is used to collect data regarding the dusung farming pattern and the orientation of the applied management. In addition, a questionnaire based on New Environmental is also used.

Data Analysis:
The method used to analyze the orientation of dusung farming land management, is based on the criteria of individual values, social values, and environmental values. Individual value orientation (egotistical values), focuses on efforts to maximize individual income, by analyzing the type cultivated and the cropping pattern applied. Social (altruistic) values, namely values that reflect attention to the welfare of the group, are analyzed based on the objectives of land exploitation, social values related to the dusung farming pattern developed, and concern for solidarity and the development of groups or members of the community. Ecological (biosphere) values, namely values that emphasize environmental conservation efforts, are analyzed based on their perceptions, attitudes, and assessments regarding what ecological values need to be maintained in relation to dusung land use activities.

Forms of Community Ownership of Dusung Land in Allang and Hutumuri Villages:
In Maluku Province -eastern Indonesia, natural resources are managed under a set of locally established rules and regulations called sasi. Sasi has been around for over 400 years. It is embedded in local culture and based on customary law (adat). (Harkes&Novaczek, 2000).
The form of tenure / ownership of dusung or forest land in Allang and Hutumuri Villages is based on the division of tau or clan / fam houses that are in the soa or clan groups. This form of land tenure, according to (Welerubun, 2019), is a form of tenure based on a geonological territory, namely the dominance of land ownership including dusung land and forest from each tau / marga / fam house that is incorporated in a particular soa with a territorial division that is has been agreed based on the customs of each soa / clan. The form of control and ownership of the study location is illustrated as follows.

Application of Silviculture and Farming Patterns with the Dusung System:
Agroforestry has been suggested as a global solution to improve land use efficiency, while reducing environmental impacts and economic risks for farmers. Much research has focused on comparing tree crop combinations with monoculture agriculture, but agroforestry is rarely compared systematically with other forms of land use diversification, including mosaic agriculture (Paul et al., 2017). The combination of the three components included in agroforestry is agroforestry or a combination of forestry components or activities (trees, shrubs, palms, bamboo, etc.) with agricultural and silvopasture components or a combination of forestry components or activities with livestock and agro-silvopasture or a combination of components or activities. agriculture with forestry and livestock / animals. Based on the results of field observations and interviews with farmers in both Allang and Hutumuri Villages, 3 forms of farming were determined in the dusung agroforestry system in both villages, which are presented in Table 2 below.

Types of Local Commodity Plants:
The farming system applied in most of the sample villages is still classified as subsistence. The community's permanent farming system is known as dusung as a form of agroforestry in Maluku. Apart from providing natural resources (ie food, medicine, wood). This agroforestry system has stimulated increased interest and small-scale potential as a form of sustainable farming with biodiversity conservation, especially in rapidly developing tropical regions. (Ávalos-Sartorio & Blackman, 2010). In general, the agroforestry system in Allang and Hutumuri Villages has dusung land for long-lived (annual) crops, and land for food crops and horticulture. The area of annual crops is around 1-2 ha, while for vegetable and secondary crops it is 0.1-0.4 ha. Types of local commodities cultivated by dusung farmers are presented in the table below;

Types of Productive Plants with Dusung Pattern:
here are three components in agroforestry, namely forestry, agriculture and livestock. Agroforestry is known as agroforestry, which is planting tree species on agricultural land. The function of trees with deep roots and spreading intensively in the subsoil will reduce nutrient leaching both vertically and horizontally (Widianto et al., 2003). Multistrata agroforestry systems can prevent landslides by forming soil organic matter, improving soil structure, and making the soil more stable. The use of multistory agroforestry systems with various types of terraced canopy plants is considered as the right step to mitigate landslides due to the presence of dense and terraced tree canopy cover, excellent root systems, and ground cover in the form of grass and shrubs which are very important to avoid landslides (Rendra et al., 2016). The use of agroforestry in the study location has a variety of types of plants and can be found mostly from the coast to hills / mountains. The results of the identification of plant species in the dusung pattern in Allang and Hutumuri villages are shown in the following table. The role of plant stratification in dusung systems on community owned land through tree cover can be understood as a combination and interaction of the various processes mentioned above. According to (Luedeling et al., 2016), treebased land use systems are able to maintain flood mitigation capacity close to forest capacity, because different land use systems are able to provide different environmental services depending on the system itself and the way it is managed. The existence of the function and role of dusung as a form of agroforestry farming if managed properly and professionally will provide multiple benefits and can be developed for land conservation programs (reforestation and afforestation), ecological conservation (diversity of plant and animal species) and economic improvement of rural communities in Maluku (Mardiatmoko et al., 2014).

Conclusion:-
Utilization of land for dusung agroforestry is carried out conventionally by controlling land owned by private, family owned (marga / soa) and state / village property with an area varying from 0.5 to 10 ha. There are 3 (three) forms of land use in dusung agroforestry, namely field crops, mixed garden plants and monoculture crops. The stratification of the dominant plant species in dusung agroforestry varies considerably both for the types of plantation crops (perennial crops / fruits) and forestry plants (woody plants). Orientation of cultivated plants in dusung pattern agroforestry both for consumption and for sale to the market.