SUSTAINABILITY VARIABLES AND INDICATORS SMALL ISLANDS: LITERATURE REVIEW

The development of small islands in the last few decades has not shown optimal and sustainable results. This problem occurs on small islands with a high population density coupled with high socio-cultural and economic activities with dense settlements as estimating indicators. This study aims to determine the variables and indicators that are able to formulate an index of the sustainability of small island development. This research method uses a scientific literature study approach related to the sustainability of development and management of small islands so that from the literature review, the most appropriate variables and indicators are used to formulate a new index in determining the sustainability of small island development. The Status and Sustainability Status of Outermost Small Islands: Case Study of the Pulo Raya Coastal Area of Aceh Jaya, aims to identify the potential of the coastal natural resources of Pulo Raya Island and assess the status of the coastal sustainability index of Pulo Raya Island. Sustainability analysis is carried out using the Rapfish approach. Rapfish analysis is carried out on five dimensions (ecology, economics, socio-culture, technology, and institutions). Attributes on each dimension / factor most influential are the condition of the aquatic environment (ecological dimension); profitability of seaweed cultivation (economic dimension); social togetherness (social cultural dimension); type of vehicle (technological dimension); and the availability of fisheries groups. for development of small islands used the basis for developing models of sustainable island development as a basis for regional development policies.


ISSN: 2320-5407
Int. J. Adv. Res. 8(07), 1300-1308 1301 As discussed by Susilo, (2007) sustainable development in small islands must cover at least 3 aspects, namely ecological, economic, and social. The ecological, economic and social benefits that are obtained as a result of the development must be substantial in fact must also be balanced in all aspects. The imbalance between these aspects as a result of environmental pollution, over-exploitation of natural resources, the benefits of uneven use of natural resources in the community, the emergence of individualistic characteristics and violations of laws and regulations, for example, will result in the development of small islands becoming unsustainable. In the research conducted by (Susiolo, 2007) indeed only two variables were studied which represented two important aspects of sustainable development, namely ecological and economic aspects.
The sustainability index of small island development that will be prepared is a tool to assess the sustainability of small islands in terms of sustainable regional development. The preparation of this index can help establish a sustainable development of the environment and help to shape the direction of the development of small islands in order to create a good environment. So we need an approach that is able to solve the problem of developing small islands while still paying attention to the main sustainability principles related to the socio-cultural, economic and ecological aspects.
This study aims to determine the most appropriate variables and indicators in formulating the small island development index. It is hoped that this research can be used in modeling the planning and management of small islands in Indonesia in a sustainable manner.

Research Methods:-
This research is a literature study by examining 27 journals related to the sustainability of development and management of small islands. The study of scientific literature on previous research is described based on the method and the results of the research and then made in the form of a matrix of indicators used, so that the results will be obtained with the most appropriate variables and indicators to be formulated as an index of the sustainability of small island development.

Results and Discussion:-Sustainability Index:
Sustainable development is a process of change from various development attributes that interact with each other to achieve development goals, namely a balance between socio-economic benefits and the preservation of natural resources. An assessment of the sustainability of development can be carried out at the "process" stage as well as at the outcome stage.
The assessment of the sustainability of small island development can be done through two approaches, namely the assessment of all development attributes and an assessment of the balance between socio-economic benefits and the preservation of natural resources and the environment or what is known as an economic-ecological (or ecologicaleconomic) model. One of the natural resources in the environment of small islands is the marine fish resource which is used by local fishermen as a source of economic activity for the local community.
The assessment approach to the goals of sustainable small island development is to assess how far there has been a balance between socio-economic benefits and the preservation of natural resources and the environment. This approach is known as the economic-ecological model or the bioeconomic model (Susilo, 2007).
The sustainability index of the waterfront area is the process of evaluating and grouping certain indices in terms of the sustainability of its users. Sustainability indexes can help stakeholders to develop coastal plans that are environmentally friendly both directly and indirectly in reducing the negative impacts of developing marine ecosystems (Feng et al., 2014). Furthermore, based on the ecological theory of the city, the variables related to determining the sustainability of the city will be analyzed using the equation model / structural data analysis technique (SEM) which is one of the multivariate analyzes analyzing the relationship of complex and simultaneous variables (Azwar et al., 2013).
Solving urban problems including in coastal areas can be done with the concept of sustainable cities which have also become an option in the late twentieth century. Sustainable cities basically means a cohesive relationship between the city and the environment. Sustainable cities must realize that cities need to meet social, 1302 environmental, political and cultural and economic and physical goals (Baldemir, E., et al, 2013). As happened in various coastal cities, for example Semarang, which is a coastal area development activity and as well as responding to problems and challenges of development, is carried out designing a management policy design based on the concept of sustainable edge city in the form of policy and strategy directives (Laras et al., 2011).

Previous studies related to sustainable development and management of small islands:
In this section, we will explain the position of research on previous theories or studies that discuss sustainability indices and models as well as the development of small islands. From the results of the study of previous studies, we will see the difference from previous studies that examine the index and sustainability model, especially in the sorting of variables and indicators used so that this research will be found novelty which will strengthen and develop the concept of the formulation of a sustainable development index that has been widely developed. Research by Chengdong Wang in 2016, titled Measuring regional sustainability with an integrated socio-economicnatural approach: a case study from the Yellow River Delta region in China aims to provide a reference standard for measuring regional sustainability, the index variable used is the Social subsystem energy, energy per capita and population empowerment, energy economy subsystem, use of individual fuel, electricity to total energy ratio, energy / dollar ratio, investment ratio of energy subsystem natural energy.
Research conducted by Andi Yurnita in 2017, with the title Sustainable Model of Beach Reclamation Case: Makassar City Beach, aims to formulate a reclamation model that can be applied to coastal areas using a sustainability index, in this study the researchers determined the sustainability index in aspects based on aspects physical (buildings, infrastructure and coastal resources) applied to the reclamation site.  The research conducted by Edwarsyah, Rina Safrina in 2017, with the title The Status and Sustainability Status of Outermost Small Islands: Case Study of the Pulo Raya Coastal Area of Aceh Jaya, aims to identify the potential of the coastal natural resources of Pulo Raya Island and assess the status of the coastal sustainability index of Pulo Raya Island. Sustainability analysis is carried out using the Rapfish approach. Rapfish analysis is carried out on five dimensions (ecology, economics, socio-culture, technology, and institutions). Attributes on each dimension / factor most influential are the condition of the aquatic environment (ecological dimension); profitability of seaweed cultivation (economic dimension); social togetherness (social cultural dimension); type of vehicle (technological dimension); and the availability of fisheries groups.
After reviewing the previous studies and theories that have been carried out, it can be said that there have been many studies that formulate sustainability variables and indicators, especially in urban and coastal areas, but have not shown specifically the arrangement of variables and indicators in the development of small islands, so that indeed a research is needed to analyze the sustainability index that is most suitable for use in small islands. The index that has not yet been formulated is the sustainability index for the development of small islands and is then used as the basis for developing models of sustainable island development as a basis for regional development policies.
The following is a diagram of the research position of the studies that have been carried out related to sustainable development and small islands:

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The study of journals related to sustainable development which will be the basis of researchers in developing variables and indicators that are most appropriate in formulating the sustainability of small island development. Source: from various journal references and proceedings.

The Concept of Sustainable Small Island Development:
Basically the concept of small island development refers to the concept of development of coastal areas even though the ecosystems that exist in small islands may be more diverse than in the mainland coastal areas or large islands. In addition, considering that the small island is separated from the mainland (mainland), the accessibility factor can be a significant development constraint in the previous section which has been touched on one of the boundaries of the The dependence of economic development on effective management of natural resources and on maintaining sustainable results from ecosystems on the concept of sustainable development, gave rise to the concept of ecologically sustainable development (OECD, 1993). In principle, the meaning of the concept of sustainable development with the concept of ecologically sustainable development is the same, only emphasis is placed on the importance of guaranteeing and passing on to future generations a quantity of natural capital that can provide an economically sustainable outcome and environmental services including natural beauty (amenities).
Insular small islands do have many constraints in development, especially from an economic aspect, the small size is not really a weakness if producers and consumers are local (Brookfield, 1990). However, there are rarely such conditions in this era of globalization so that the small size of the island often becomes an obstacle to economic development (Hess, 1990). Small islands usually have to bear the burden of greater contributions to build infrastructure, education, research, marketing, etc. so that trading activities run smoothly (Hein, 1990). If this cannot be done then economic development on the small island will be slow. This also means that the small island is very dependent on aid and outside the island (Hein, 1990).
Ecologically, insularity also has the consequence of having to make an evaluation of endemic species and decrease the resilience of flora, fauna, and humans, from outsiders (Hein, 1990). Besides the existence of ecological vulnerability, the small island environment also contains many advantages (Hein, 1990b). Despite many obstacles, there are a number of small islands that have succeeded in building into developed islands (Webster, 1990).

Conclusions And Upcoming Research:-
From various previous studies, it can be concluded that the variables chosen for determining the sustainability of small island development can be categorized in the socio-cultural, economic and ecological aspects. This variable 1306 will be arranged indicators or factors found in previous studies. The indicators compiled by researchers are 48 indicators that can be seen in the table below. Future research is expected to be able formulate a new index based on variables and indicators that have been prepared so that it can be used to measure the sustainability of small island development and can make an appropriate model based on the sustainability index of small island development.