LINGUISTIC PROBLEMS OF MODERN ENGLISH PAREMIOLOGY AND PECULIARITIES OF USING PROVERBS

The present manuscript enlightens linguistic problems of English proverbs, peculiarities of their usage in concrete situation, discloses the process of changing its components in order to create ironic effect. In this work both theoretical and practical investigation of proverbs and set expressions are described in details.

The problem of investigating proverbs is very important and actual nowadays because knowledge of language is also valued by knowing how to use proverbs in a proper way, in concrete situation. Along with it an actual problem of modern general linguistics is to study the linguistic bases of compiling of dictionaries of proverbs, so called -paremiological‖ dictionaries (from -paremia‖the linguistic term for proverb). All this makes the theme of the present mini research actual and important among the problems of modern linguistics. It is not less significant than learning grammar, lexis and pronunciation. Moreover, this research work is closely connected with the culture of people and explains the origin of proverbs.
The aim of the research is investigation of English proverbs and their analysis from different perspectives which make the process of studying them in an interesting and motivating way, to learn them easily, desirably and quickly. Here much attention is paid to the system organization of proverbs with special attention to semantics.
Though a lot of problems of proverbs were discussed and enlightened, we have got much uninvestigated. The sources of paremiologythe branch of linguistics which investigates proverbs, attract attention of many linguists who investigate them in order to disclose and reveal their core information. This valuable information can be given in the scientific issues devoted to proverbs and their characteristics, given in works and books of world famous scientists-linguists, phraseologists and English teachers. The problems of proverbs were investigated by a large number of scientists in linguistics such as A.V. Kunin [3], A.N. Kojin [2], G.L. Permyakov, T.V. Naymushina [4] and others. They investigated this branch and analyzed semantic and structural forms of different proverbs.
The material of the research is English proverbs and peculiarities of using them in certain situations.
The following methods of inquiry were used in the work: Corresponding Author:-Nasrullaeva Nafisa Zafarovna Address:-Doctor of Philological Sciences (DSc), Professor of Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages, Samarkand, Uzbekistan. 960 descriptive method (to describe main points of the research work); comparative analysis (to compare English proverbs with their equivalents in Russian); componential analysis (to take component: proverbial sayings out of the whole English idiom or proverb and analyze it); cognitive-conceptual analysis (to investigate associations, background knowledge in proverbial units); lingual-cultural analysis (to find out interesting culturally widely used proverbs which deal with phraseological units and other expressions); critical analysis of the literature on the problem of investigation (to analyze scientific issues dedicated to the theme of investigation).

Results and Discussion:-
A proverb consists of chains of morphemes connected between each other, and it defines its syntagmatic characteristics. But it is defined with special units higher level than in paradigmatic way. Syntagmatic nature of proverbs occur in restrictions and variability. Comic effect appearing in such variations and alternations illustrates its paradigmatic properties. By the way, any joking remark with intended distortion relations. 1. Pun in a proverb. A vivid example here can be the proverb like Don't put all eggs in one basket, used for the comic comment: "Don't put all your Basques in one pass" ( Don't put all your eggs in one basket). 2. Paraphrasing in a proverb. A proverb In pack birds of one plumage gather can be paraphrased with the ironical purpose: "Birds of one flight" gather on the meeting. Origin of the proverb: Birds of feather flock together. 3. Switching of levels in a proverb. In that case when during dispute proverbial saying is used against us, we can react to him as on a syntagma, pretending that we don't understand its paradigmatic value. So, when will tell: Don't look a gift horse in the mouth, we can answer: "Of course, but at what horses?!" 4. Modification in a proverb. If one tells that someone wants to cut up into pieces, we can ask: "And what pieces, in particular?" 5. Reproduction of a proverb. The comic effect of the above described devices are based on remarkable paradigmatic property of a proverb integrity and an invariance of her form and content. The last causes its stereotypic reproducibility that allows to apply for a wide range of references to the proverbial statement which cannot be quoted, but just mean. In spite of the fact that from the paradigmatic point of view proverbial saying also is almost invariable, it can be exposed to usual grammatical transformations which reconstruct communications of the correlated symbols. So, for example, we can tell: "Though the leopard also can't get rid of the spots‖, and etc. 6. Proverbs, maxims and proverbial phrases. Still it was talked mainly of a proverb. "The term fixed set expressions" includes both a proverb, and a maxim. It is very remarkable, "potential maxims" belong to many samples of advertisement. Some of them obtain wide popularity within time and also become temporary maxims. Many researchers pointed to the difficulties connected with the formation of distinction between a true proverb and proverbial phrases. The only distinction between them, according to our table, the fact that true proverbs have the judgment form, while proverbial phrases have no this kind of form. Proverbial phrases represent metaphorical nominative or verbal designs, and the true proverb is presented, as a rule, by the finished offer of metaphorical character.
In other words, it is a grammatical difference in status. Nevertheless, the distinction is very essential. Strictly speaking, it is necessary to include some as in: Shut the stable door after the horse has bolted. Such designs essentially differ from true proverbs of type in Russian Пустые сосуды бренчат громче English equivalent similar to Empty vessels make more noise).
It is possible to believe what in each exact case it finds reflection in distinctive relevant restrictions. In particular, proverbial phrases in modern English allow straight lines (animated inanimate) and the return (inanimateanimated) transformations that can't be told about semantic structure of modern English proverbs. This aspect of a problem deserves specially research, from the methodical point of view it is undoubtedly important to find out what information on relevant restrictions belongs to the general rules and what part of this information has to contain in dictionary entries.

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The area of categories and rules with which traditional statements operate corresponds to difficult system of semantic values. Correlation of proverbial statements with categories, rules and semantic values allows to allocate respectively three classification headings. In the syntagmatic plan, however, every separate utterance can't be carried only to one certain class. When we choose this or that categorical form, we often use those semantic values which are distinctive lines of category for this operation. The rules operating our behavior inevitably are under the influence of our outlook to a categorical separation of reality. It follows from this that categories can't be completely separated from semantic values, and semantic values, in turn, from pragmatical rules of conduct.
In 1994 Taylor suggested that at least the elements representing a contents assessment from the cultural point of view and forming four-part structure are the cornerstone of the majority of proverbs [1, p. 12]. Paying tribute to this deep and thin supervision, it isn't necessary to exaggerate, however, value of the consistent patterns determined by Milner as positive and negative estimates make only part of those relevant restrictions which are imposed at the structural description. For example, correlation of contents with categories animated inanimate, concrete-abstract as it has been shown above is not less important. Moreover' logical categorical forms, such as the reason, result, object, etc., and their relations form contents of such statements, independent of a context. At the same time the binary form of oppositions and associations of the elements making semantic structure is reflected in a syntagmatic chain in traditional statements. And the four-part structure finally represents no other than double binary opposition. That is why, we shouldn't even try to squeeze in the Procrustean bed four private structure all kinds of proverbs and sayings. Not everyone will have such form. 1. We will give several examples positive "value" that corresponds to predicate expression "And is In". Doesn't leave doubt that in the given example we deal with estimated categories, but as we see, they don't form four private structure. 2. And it is possible to play beautiful melodies with an old violin. (Many and good tune is played on an old fiddle). The semantic structure of this statement can be presented as follows: "The negative assessment of means And not necessarily influences a positive assessment of result. 3. In time the made stitch costs nine hectares of stitch on time saves nine. The semantic structure of the third proverb can be presented as follows: "One is better now, than nine then"; relevant restrictions assume the value of both members of a reasoning and therefore time" appears a semantic linking of logical paradox and gains the special importance. 4. Business is business (Business is business) that corresponds to the structural description: "And implicates A" (and therefore, not B). The semantic structure of the provided statement discloses the content of category '‗business. Where there's smoke there is fire (there's no smoke, without fire) that corresponds to the structural description. 5. Нет дыма без огня (there's no smoke, without fire) which is suitable for expository structure; The fact of result and the reason. 6. A lot of things can happen (for that time), so far to bring a bowl to lips .The semantic structure of the provided statement can be presented by the following description: "Intention A doesn't contain realization of intention B".
It has been shown that it is possible to find numerous examples in some cultures mutually reversibility of riddles and proverbs. It gives the following examples from the Finnish folklore: Riddle: Toasted pie with a straw stuffing it means (A cake that looks good from the outside, inside is full of straw).
Solution: Bad person externally similar to good.
Proverb: Toasted pies happen to a straw stuffing (Many cakes look from the outside but are full of straw).
Structural description: "The external positive sign can hide an internal negative sign.
The given example visually illustrates full reversibility of a riddle and proverb. The structural description opens the general components of semantics that also "the person pie" is confirmed by the general metaphorical transformation. However, we know that value of proverbs has to be clear and familiar to native speakers, otherwise they won't be able to carry out the function assigned to them .

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As a rule, represents a difficult riddle a question. At the same time this fact is additional argument for allocation in special classification headings of proverbs true and proverbs potential. The riddle usually develops the low-studied relations between these and hidden terms. The proverb, on the contrary, involves in metaphorical game of the relation, rehearsed in daily communication. It is also necessary to note that the riddle is guided only by an own context while updating of a proverb is connected with a situation. Also the fact that the riddle bares contradictions between this hidden by terms, and the proverb of it can't make. The sense of a proverb just also is in opening homogeneous components in syntagmatic unlike situations sometimes containing transition from level to level in an implicit form, as it could be observed on the example understanding above with Smith.
Therefore, the fact that only those riddles can have parallel proverbs which don't contain obvious contradictions between structure of a question and structure of an answer is undoubtedly important. The semantic structure of a riddle is guided by establishment and fixing of the external relations between objects of thought, and the proverb uses these already known relations to open the fundamental logical nature of the internal relations. For this reason of a proverb is widely used with rhetorical figures as the antithesis.
All above mentioned allows us to come to conclusion that the riddle easily uses distinctive lines of categories for disclosure of contradictions while the proverb of it can't make. The reason of the specified distinction consists in that. the semantic structure of a proverb is defined by the paradigmatic relations, and a riddle is, as a rule, similar usual to metaphors, belongs to the syntagmatic plan.
The research of structural characteristics of semantics doesn't assume an attention to the substantial part of a proverbial image. In spite of the fact that images of proverbs are completely predictable and invariable, they carry out very important function of a connotation. Really, having called someone's friends Bees around a rose (Bees round a rose) or Flies round a dung-heap, we express such distinctions of situations which it is impossible to call insignificant in any way.
The above said can be confirmed with the analysis of the following example: From a hay ear of a silk purse you won't sew (You can't make a silk purse out of ear). The semantic structure can be presented as follows: negatively estimated properties of material and don't give the chance to receive positively estimated result . The silk purse is the subject of a female toilet indicating belonging to the highest sections of society, refined taste and culture. The pork ear is associated with dirt, roughness, abuse and acts as a sign of an opposite pole of the cultural values connected with the village, with country life.
Proverbial oppositions are based, as a rule, on similar polar oppositions for this reason in these cases neutralization is impossible.

Conclusion:-
Pareomiology as a linguistic science with the future, and it is especially essential that the results achieved by today predict this future, i.e. specify the most perspective and important directions and points of application of meanings. Now it is about systematic researches with quite clearly the planned purposes, with well fulfilled technical device. The fact that the structural pareomiology has reached it in a short space of time success not smaller, than her contribution to development of pareomiological fund of different traditions Pareomiology is the science with the future, and it is especially essential that the results achieved by today predict this future, i.e. specify the most perspective and important directions [5, p. 22]. Now it is about systematic researches with quite clearly the planned purposes, with well fulfilled technical device. The fact that the structural pareomiology has reached it in a short space of time success not smaller, than her contribution to development of pareomiological fund of different traditions. One of the directions of the modern general, comparative typological and German linguistics is pareomiological which intrinsic aspect research proverb is of considered (proverbial saying) saturations art (or other) text and individual speech, and also dictionary of various type and appointment. 1. Pareomiology is an important element of language and speech activity. The dictionary recommends such samples of proverbs which are allocated with specificity of the semantic-thematic, figurative, structural, stylistic and communicative and pragmatical characteristics. 2. Proverbs of basic fund of language differ in a clichés of the form allowing a certain minimum of variable transformation (lexical, grammatical, structural, etc.). 3. Basic proverbs of language are idiomatic.