A REVIEW STUDY ON TRADITIONAL HERBAL MEDICINES OF BANGLADESH AGAINST DIFFERENT SKIN DISORDERS

Traditional herbal medicines (THM) are used by almost 75%–80% of the people in Bangladesh to treat various types of skin diseases. This review includes ethnobotanical data as well as relevant scientific studies on plants used in traditional medicine in Bangladesh to treat various types of skin disorders like inflammatory skin disorders, viral infections, bacterial infections, fungal infections, parasitic infections, pigmentation disorders, skin cancers, trauma and other skin disease conditions. Using specified key phrases, information on the traditional herbal medicinal plants of Bangladesh that are effective against various skin ailments was collated from several electronic databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Springer and others. A total of 45 relevant publications were investigated, providing complete information on 221 distinct herbal plant species belonging to 73 families utilised by the diverse peoples of Bangladesh for the treatment of skin problems. The most often utilised plant organ in this study was leaves, followed by roots, fruits, entire plants, barks, seeds, stems, rhizomes and flowers. The Asteraceae family has the most species, whereas in terms of plant habit, herbs have the most species. Azadirachta indica, Curcuma longa, Vitex negundo, Aegle marmelos, Allium sativum and Lawsonia inermis are the most commonly utilised species. This research might be used as a beginning point for a systematic search for natural herbal remedies to treat skin diseases in Bangladesh’s flora.


INTRODUCTION
Skin is considered as the largest organ in the human body which protects our body from the entry of viruses and bacteria and also regulates the normal body temperature.Several conditions or factors like irritant substances, allergen particles, airborne microbes may affect our body skin which may result in itching, redness, swelling, burning etc. in the preliminary stage.But if this state continues for a long time, then several skin disorders may happen to the skin like inflammation of the skin, eczema, psoriasis, pruritus, skin ulcer, viral infections, bacterial infections, fungal infections, parasitic infections, pigmentation disorders, skin cancers, trauma etc. (Hay et al. 2015).
Skin disease is considered as the global problem which may relate to the problems in our physiological or psychological system or even sometimes in our social condition.(Zhang et al. 2019).There are several treatments for skin disorders like allopathic, herbal, Unani, Ayurvedic, etc.But for a long time, traditional herbal therapies have been used for the treatment of skin disorders due to its safe and cost effectiveness (Hoffmann et al. 2020).In practically every country in the world, the traditional healing system is considered as a vital and integral aspect of the healthcare system.Few studies have also looked at the overall picture of traditional healing techniques in Bangladesh, despite the fact that they serve around 80% of the country's sick (Haque et al. 2018).Most of the people particularly those who have been born in lower class families went to traditional healers first to seek help for their medical issues.They sought trained specialists for contemporary treatment only after such treatments had failed.They went back to the traditional healers if this failed.According to the World Health Organization (WHO), in developing countries a large number of the population, almost around 70%-95% depends on traditional medicinal plants for the purpose of preliminary healthcare treatment (Rahman et al. 2022).
However, in this study, an attempt has been made to investigate the traditional healing practices for skin disorders in rural areas of Bangladesh.Moreover, this study was designed in such a way, where one will find several traditional herbal medicinal plant lists for a particular skin disease which will provide the baseline information for further investigation of medicinal drugs for skin disorders.Therefore, it's our hope that our present study will draw the attention of the scientific community to explore a suitable herbal medicinal drug for a particular skin disease.

Strategy Searching
Between 1 June 2021 and 1 December 2021, a comprehensive literature search, including ethnobotanical data, was conducted in the PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Springer, according to the predetermined protocol (Rahman et al. 2022).
The literature searching function used terms like redness, swelling, burning, irritation, rashes, eczema, leucoderma, ringworm, wound, scabies, swelling, viral infections, bacterial infections, fungal infections, parasitic infections, pigmentation disorder, clogging or inflammation of the skin, medicinal plants, traditional plants, survey of medicinal plants, ethnobotanical survey, ethnomedicinal survey, and survey of plants acting on skin.With the help of regional and local floras, plant species were identified (Ahmed et al. 2008).

Selection of Study and Data Extraction
The literature search was completed by five reviewers, who then exported the publications that were found to be eligible.The literature was examined in order to achieve the desired result.A total of 45 relevant papers were being studied where 221 plant species from 73 families were being identified throughout the survey.For documentation, a total of 20 field visits were taken.From all possible sources published till the end of July 2020, all papers dealing with plant species useful against skin disorders have been found.The information was recorded on the documentation data sheet during the field interview.All plant species, biological forms, habitat, local names and uses were meticulously documented.Standard herbarium techniques were used to prepare plant specimens that included flowers and fruits (Alexiades and Sheldon 1996).Only English-language literature was considered for the search.

Data Synthesis and Analysis
All of the disagreements were resolved by the reviewers.The study's techniques were created with the sole objective of obtaining a valuable abundance of information about local people's use of traditional herbal medicine (THM) (Rahman and Khanom 2013).The major traditional herbal medicinal plants were categorised on the basis of their production in different zonal areas of Bangladesh.However, the data analysis was done on the basis of plant habits, plant parts, different families, number of plants used in different skin diseases, etc.All the specimens were identified using taxonomic books linked to the collection.Because there was a risk of duplicate publications, we utilised a cautious methodology to remove reports with a high likelihood of overlap.

Traditional Herbal Practices in Bangladesh
In practically all countries around the world, THM is a significant and frequently overlooked aspect of healthcare systems.It is, nevertheless, found in practically every country on the planet, and demand for such services is growing.THM of proven quality, safety and efficacy helps to achieve the goal of providing care to everyone (Haque et al. 2018).Traditional herbal methods are strongly founded in Bangladesh's cultural heritage and are ingrained in the people's culture.In one study it has been mentioned that although today allopathic treatment is highly advanced, after all almost 75 to 80% rural and some semi-urban populace in Bangladesh prefers THMs as their first choice (Akhtar, Akhtar and Rahman 2018).Since time immemorial, many sorts of traditional herbal methods have been used in this country as an important means of treating ailments and managing a variety of health issues.Traditional medical healing systems have taken on a special role in the care of individuals living in rural areas (Rupasinghe 2001).Magic, charms, incantations, religious passages, spiritual approaches, amulets, sacrifices, ceremonies and even intrusive physical and mental torment are all examples of traditional healing treatments.This treatment method is known as 'traditional' since it has been used for generations to treat a variety of physical and mental illnesses (Haque et al. 2014).However, traditional medicine based on locally available ingredients, cultural customs, and religious rites, as well as Ayurvedic and Unani systems based on scientific use of pharmacological procedures and technology, are among Malay J Pharm Sci, Vol. 22, No. 1 (2024): 139-187 Bangladesh's traditional healing practices.Because of the long tradition, supposedly good consequence, and their long-held conviction in its usefulness (Haque et al. 2014), the employment of these practitioners has significant relevance for local people.

THM for the Treatment of Different Categories of Skin Disorders
Skin disorders affect people of all ages, from newborns to the elderly, and can cause a number of issues (Marks, Miller and Lookingbill 2006).There are over a thousand skin disorders, but the majority of them fall into one of ten categories (Kasolang et al. 2020).In this study, we have categorised different skin disorders and their remedies from THM.

THM for inflammatory skin disorders
The innate immune system contains an inflammasome.It is an intracellular complex that binds microorganisms and sets in motion a signaling cascade that allows them to assault.Inflammatory skin disorders refer to a group of rashes and lesions that cause skin irritation and inflammation.These are prevalent chronic skin problems that affect people of all ages (Thind and Ormerod 2008).Inflammatory skin illnesses, on the other hand, are marked by the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which activates the innate and adaptive immune systems (Sá and Festa Neto 2016).Autoimmune disorders and autoinflammatory syndromes or diseases are the terms used to describe them.Autoantibodies are present in autoimmune inflammatory skin illnesses such as vitiligo and lupus erythematosus, which are caused by abnormal reactions to autoantigens regulated by β-cells and T-cells.In the absence of autoantigens and autoantibodies, autoinflammatory skin illnesses such as periodic fever syndromes and neutrophilic dermatoses entail activation of innate immune system cells (macrophages, neutrophils, mast cells and natural killer [NK] cells), resulting in tissue destruction.Autoimmune and autoinflammatory components are present in several skin illnesses, such as psoriasis (Sá and Festa Neto 2016).Inflammatory skin illnesses include allergy, acne, dermatitis, eczema, scar, skin lesions, skin wounds, skin rashes, psoriasis, sebaceous cysts, itching, redness, etc. Different THM against inflammatory skin disorders are being listed in Table 1.

THM for viral infections
A viral infection is the spread of a dangerous virus throughout your body.Viruses are unable to multiply without the help of a host.Viruses infect humans by inserting their genetic material into cells and hijacking the cell's internal mechanism to produce additional virus particles.When a virus is active, it generates copies of itself and bursts (kills) the host cell to release the freshly created virus particles.Virus particles may also 'bud' off the host cell over time before killing it.Although the skin is a popular site for viral infection symptoms, viruses are not considered part of the normal flora of the skin.The vast majority of viral skin infections are just temporary.Some viral infections, however, can leave scars on the skin if left untreated.The majority of skin rashes in children are caused by viruses.Chicken pox, herpes simplex virus (Type 1), herpes simplex virus (Type 2), HSV, measles and warts are only a few of the most prevalent viral skin infections (Ruocco et al. 2007)

THM for bacterial infections
A bacterial infection occurs when a hazardous strain of bacteria multiplies on or within the body.Bacteria have the ability to infect any part of the body.Pneumonia, meningitis and food poisoning are just a handful of the problems that dangerous bacteria may cause.Bacteria can be rod-shaped (bacilli), spherical (cocci) or helical (helical bacteria) (spirilla).
Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria are two types of bacteria.Gram-positive bacteria have a thicker cell wall than Gram-negative bacteria.Gram staining, bacterial culture with antibiotic sensitivity determination and other techniques such as genetic analysis are used to identify bacterial strains and aid in the decision-making process.The 28 th most prevalent diagnosis among hospitalised patients is bacterial skin infections.These infections are less difficult to treat than viral infections since medications are frequently successful.The most frequent bacterial skin infections encountered by family doctors are skin abscess, boils, leprosy, wound, cellulitis, impetigo and folliculitis (Elixhauser and Steiner 1999).Different THM against bacterial infections are being listed in Table 3.

THMs for fungal infections
Mycosis is the medical term for a fungus infection.Although most fungi are safe to humans, some of them can cause illness in certain circumstances.Fungi proliferate by producing spores, which can be breathed or taken up by direct touch.As a result, fungal infections are most commonly found on the skin, nails or lungs.Fungi can also infiltrate the skin, influence the organs and create a systemic illness throughout the body.Fungal infections are spreading at an alarming rate, posing a serious threat to healthcare providers.There are two different forms of fungal infections.Subcutaneous and superficial fungal infections affect the epidermis, keratinous tissues and mucous membranes.Systemic fungal infections, which can be caused by an opportunistic organism or in combination with a more invasive organism and are potentially lethal, are another type of fungal infection.The most prevalent microorganisms that cause fungal infection are candida and ringworms, scabies, dermatitis, tinea infection, etc. (Garber 2001).Different THMs against fungal infections are being listed in Table 4.

THMs for parasitic infections
A parasite is a creature that lives on or in its host and feeds on or at the cost of that host.A parasitic illness, often known as parasitosis, is an infection caused or spread by a parasite.Many parasites do not cause illnesses since they may cause both the organism and the host to die.Human parasites are parasitic organisms that infect humans.Parasitic illnesses may harm almost every living thing, including plants and mammals.Parasitic skin infections are an umbrella term for a range of infectious disorders in which parasite-host interactions are limited to the top layer of the skin.Parasitic skin diseases include scabies, capitis, corporis, pubis, taeniasis and hookworm-related cutaneous larva migrants (Feldmeier and Heukelbach 2009).Different THM against parasitic infections are being listed in Table 5.

THM for pigmentation disorders
A skin pigmentation issue is a medical ailment that alters the skin's colour.Melanin is the pigment that gives skin its colour.Melanocytes, which are specialised skin cells, produce it.Skin colour can be impacted when melanocytes are injured or unable to generate enough melanin.Depending on the etiology and course of the condition, a loss of pigment might affect a small portion of the body or the entire body.A variety of health conditions can induce skin pigmentation abnormalities.How much pigment is in the skin depends on the amount of melanin produced by the body.Pigment loss can be caused by a lack of melanocytes, defective cells, cold or chemical exposure, or certain infections (hypopigmentation).An increase in pigment can be caused by a variety of factors, including skin inflammation, hormonal changes, aging, a metabolic condition or any other underlying issue (hyperpigmentation).Age spots, freckles and melasma are all examples of hyperpigmentation.Vitiligo is a type of hypopigmentation.Hyperpigmentation can be caused by a variety of factors, including melasma, solar lentigines, post inflammatory hyperpigmentation and ephelides (Plensdorf and Martinez 2009).Different THM against pigmentation disorders are being listed in Table 6.

THM for skin cancers
Skin cancer is defined as the uncontrolled proliferation of aberrant cells in the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin, as a result of uncorrected DNA damage that causes mutations.These mutations cause skin cells to grow quickly, resulting in cancerous tumors.Basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), melanoma and Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) are the most common kinds of skin cancer.The sun's damaging ultraviolet (UV) radiation and the usage of UV tanning beds are the two primary causes of skin cancer.Skin cancer is less common among individuals of colour than in persons with light skin, despite the fact that it is associated with higher morbidity and mortality (Gloster Jr and Neal 2006).Skin cancer is fairly common, and the incidence rate is gradually rising.While nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) death rates are declining, melanoma death rates are increasing.Both NMSC and melanoma are associated with a significant morbidity rate (Gloster and Brodland 1996).Different THM against skin cancer are being listed in Table 7.

THM for trauma
A catastrophic and life-altering physical damage to the skin or numerous layers of epithelial tissues is referred to as skin trauma.Cuts, burns, illness or other injuries are examples of this.The majority of skin trauma episodes result in mild injuries that are easily treated in an outpatient setting.The majority of skin trauma incidents result in minor injuries that can be treated effectively in an outpatient setting (Pearson and Wolford 2000).Trauma to the skin is defined as a blow, a cut or a burn to the skin.When the surface of the skin is injured, the body is more prone to infection and illness.Different THM against trauma are being listed in Table 8.

THM for other skin disorders
Other skin problems include moles and birthmarks.Neither of these are health problems in and of themselves, but changes in moles should be examined for skin cancer indications.Wrinkles, rosacea, spider veins and varicose veins are just a few of the unclassifiable diseases.Wrinkles are caused by the breakdown of collagen and elastin in the dermis, resulting in sagging skin.Rosacea is a chronic skin illness that causes pimples, skin lesions and, in rare cases, nose growth.The cause has yet to be identified.Spider veins and varicose veins form when blood vessels enlarge and become visible through the skin's surface.Different THM against other skin disorders are being listed in Table 9.

DISCUSSION
Traditional healing is holistic in nature, focusing on the individual's total health.It establishes a dynamic equilibrium between the body, the ego and society.Traditional healing methods are most commonly used in rural areas where access to biomedical health services is limited, but they have not lost their value in urban settings (Alonso 2015).
Traditional medicine research in Bangladesh has also been performed from a variety of angles.Some scholars have undertaken research in rural areas to learn about the religious, traditional, and cultural practices that are utilised to treat various ailments (Haque et al. 2014).The majority of previous studies concentrated on a single system of traditional healing techniques, such as a single case study, Unani and Ayurvedic systems, Kabiraji or Spiritual healing practices (Alonso 2015;Madamombe 2006;Kleinman 1980;Uddin, Islam and Romke 2010;Helman 2007;Kale 1995;Yamey 2002).Only a few research focused on the safety and efficacy of non-botanical traditional medicine.
The Government of Bangladesh acknowledged Unani and Ayurvedic systems of medicine as soon as the country gained independence, and the Board of Unani and Ayurvedic Systems of Medicine was established at the same time (Ghani 2013).The governments do not acknowledge any of the traditional healers.However, due to people's reliance on traditional healers, leaving them on the sidelines could have catastrophic consequences (Madamombe 2006).
In today's culture, selecting an herbal remedy is a difficult task.It is determined by a number of factors, including the severity of the disease, the patients' perception of disease risk, the healer's relative proximity, the cost of healthcare, transportation facilities, the patients' gender, the patients' attitude toward various healthcare systems, the patients' past experience, perception of illness and belief system about disease causes (Kleinman 1980;Uddin, Islam and Romke 2010;Helman 2007).

Cultivation Status of THM against Skin Diseases in Bangladesh
Traditional medicine has exploded in popularity in Bangladesh in recent years, alongside modern treatment.Since time immemorial, various varieties of THM have been employed in our nation as a crucial way of treating illnesses and managing various health concerns.Herbal medicine has seen exponential expansion in recent years, and these treatments are gaining appeal in both developing and developed nations due to their natural origins and lack of negative effects (Labu, Jahan and Rahman 2013).
The demand on natural forests in an overpopulated nation like Bangladesh is great; hence, the cultivation of medicinal plants may considerably help to improve the lives of underprivileged people by increasing biological variety.Despite increased acknowledgement of its value and economic and ecological potential, little study has been done on medicinal plants in Bangladesh, particularly on its cultivation importance and potential fields.Bangladesh has a diverse range of plant species due to its distinct biophysical context (Barua, Khan and Reza 2001).In our country, herbal medicine is used by 75% of the population for basic care.However, in Bangladesh, Rajshasi, Mymensingh, Tangail, Sylhet, Chandpur, Hill Tracts, Chittagong, Kushtia and Madhupur are some of the areas where some specific THM for skin ailments are abundantly grown (Figure 1).After primary and secondary processing, producers sell their green and dry goods.Primary processing entails selecting saleable product parts from plants, removing extraneous components from saleable parts, and washing saleable parts in pot water, while secondary processing entails cutting saleable product parts into tiny pieces and drying them in sunlight as needed.
Seeds are delivered to buyers by outside seed providers in two ways: personal visits to the research area and courier delivery through mobile contract.The plants are transported from the field to the processing facility using a motor operated van or headloading.The manufacturers then sell the prepared goods in their homes or at local marketplaces.
Most of the time, seed vendors in the research region have no standard or grade for acquiring, selling, or keeping their seeds.Furthermore, wholesalers and retailers do not maintain any standards or grading in any step of product storage, packaging, shipping or sale.Processors often grade all sorts of goods in three ways: green, dry, and dust.Furthermore, rejected and low-quality green crops are processed into dry and dust goods.
Seeds need to be stored for a variety of reasons, ranging from 1 to 8 months.Seeds are stored in a variety of packaging materials, such as polythene bags, by the providers in both houses and businesses.They use neem leaves to keep pests at bay and to cover the exposed side.Basok, kalomegh, and tulsi are kept dry at farmers' homes for 1 week to 3 months in plastic bags within a bamboo container or in open form.Products are stored in open form on a polythene sheet or bamboo mat or directly on the floor.
Seed providers sell seeds in plastic bags.Small packages of kalomegh and Tulsi seeds are commonly used.Seedlings are frequently packaged in cartoon boxes when they are sold to outside purchasers.The items are again packaged in plastic and polythene bags for wholesale.For green and dry items, however, no package is usually provided.In retail sales, only tiny, thin polythene bags are provided for dust goods.
All of the players are unaware of market intelligence and sales marketing for their items.They get quality and pricing information from other THMP makers, local suppliers and wholesalers, hawkers, farias, hakims and kabirazs at home, the local market or tea shop refreshment gatherings (Figure 2) (Palash et al. 2021).

THM and Skin Diseases: Globally
The usage of THM is increasing all across the world.THM formulations, including single herb preparations, ethnic and contemporary THM formulations, are frequently utilised as adjuvant medicines or to promote consumer wellness (Enioutina et al. 2017).Regionally specific herbs and their applications arose from locally accessible plants and commerce in ethnobotanical treatments.Europe, the Middle East (Ghazanfar 1994), Africa, India (Behl and Srivastava 1993), China, Japan, Australia and the United States all established Malay J Pharm Sci, Vol. 22, No. 1 (2024): 139-187 regional herbal usage systems.Ayurvedic herbs in India (Kapoor 2018) and herb combinations created as part of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in China (Xu 2004) are two well-known systems that are still in use.Herbal usage has diminished in Europe and the United States as pure extracts and synthetic chemical medications have become accessible.Herbal medicines, particularly those for skin ailments, are becoming increasingly popular among patients and, to a lesser extent, with doctors.Herbal remedies that have been utilised for generations in Asia, particularly China and India, are now being investigated scientifically.Herbal medicines and their indicated uses are overseen by the German regulatory authority Commission E (Klein, Rister and Riggins 1998).Currently, herbal items are only regulated as dietary supplements in the United States.Active substances, purity and concentration are not standardised.There are also no restrictions on which herbs can be sold for certain purposes.Herbal treatment originated as folk medicine in Western medicine.It started in the United States during the colonial period, when women at home utilised homegrown botanicals (Tsen et al. 2000).

THM and Skin Diseases in Bangladesh
Skin illnesses are common in the general population of developing nations, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), with some diseases being especially frequent in youngsters.According to the WHO, the most common skin problems in children include pyoderma, tinea capitis, scabies, viral skin disorders, pediculosis capitis, dermatitis and insect bite responses (World Health Organization 2005).Aside from skin disorders caused by arsenic-contaminated food and water, skin ailments are frequent among Bangladesh's rural and urban slum populations due to a lack of sufficient toilet facilities and unsanitary living circumstances.Eczema, fungal infections, scabies and pyodermas are the most frequent skin illnesses, according to a survey of patients at Faridpur Medical College Hospital in Bangladesh (Sarkar et al. 2010).People in Bangladesh have been using herbal remedies, often known as alternative, complementary or traditional therapies, since ancient times.This is still the case today, despite the advent of allopathic treatments.These are the result of a multitude of things.For starters, traditional herbal treatments have been used for hundreds of years and have shown to be effective.Second, many individuals in the nation lack access to contemporary doctors or are unable to pay for doctor's fees or the cost of allopathic drugs.Third, many allopathic drugs have negative side effects.Fourth, Bangladesh's hill tracts are made up of three districts: Bandarban, Khagrachari and Rangamati, and are located in the country's south-east corner, with the Kaptai watershed region lying between 21°25' and 23°45' N and 91°45' and 92°52' E. A large number of tribal populations belonging to 14 major tribes, namely the Chakma, Marma, Murong, Tanchunga, Tripura, Chack, Bhome, Pangkhoa, Kheyang, Rheyang, Rakhain, Lushai, Kuki and Khumi, live as forest dwellers in remote areas throughout the hill tracts where education and modern medical systems of healthcare are absent or poorly implemented (Rahman 1999).Elderly men and women, particularly traditional herbalists known as Baiddaya, were known to have extensive knowledge of the usage of plants as sources of medicine.Due to the growth of modern health care systems in mountainous areas, this precious indigenous knowledge is vanishing day by day (Rahman 1997).Eczema, scabies, septic abscess, fungal/bacterial infection, boils, wounds and skin allergy are among the most frequent skin illnesses among the Chakma, Marma and Tanchunga tribes, according to ethnobotanical research.Baiddaya or old ladies administer herbal medicines to more than 70% of them.All of the aforementioned considerations have resulted in the usage of plant-based medicine in the treatment of skin disorders in this nation even today.

CONCLUSION
The findings of this study are the first to document the use of THM in the treatment of various skin ailments in several districts of Bangladesh using modern research techniques.A total of 221 plant species belonging to 73 families have been identified as being utilised to cure various skin ailments.It may be stated that the tribal people of the studied region possess extensive knowledge of therapeutic plants.However, in a rural location, medicinal plant knowledge is limited to a few people.As a result, there is an urgent need to safeguard traditional knowledge in this field, particularly in relation to the use of medicinal herbs.

Figure 1 :
Figure 1: The major traditional herbal medicinal plants in different zonal area of Bangladesh supply chain of THM

Table 1 :
. Different THM against viral infections are being listed in Table2.List of Bangladeshi THM for skin inflammation.

Table 2 :
List of Bangladeshi THM for viral infections in skin.

No. Botanical name Local name Family name Life form Part used Medicinal application
(continued on next page) Malay J Pharm Sci,Vol.22, No. 1 (2024): 139-187

Table 3 :
List of Bangladeshi THM for bacterial infections in skin.

Table 4 :
List of Bangladeshi THM for fungal infections in skin.

Table 5 :
List of Bangladeshi traditional herbal medicines for parasitic infections in skin.

Table 6 :
List of Bangladeshi traditional herbal medicines for pigmentation disorders in skin.

Table 7 :
List of Bangladeshi traditional herbal medicines for skin cancer.

Table 8 :
List of Bangladeshi traditional herbal medicines for skin trauma.

Table 9 :
List of Bangladeshi THM for other skin disorders.

Table 10 :
Analysis of the data based on pant habits.

Table 11 :
Analysis of the data based on plant parts.

Table 12 :
Analysis of the data based on different families.

Table 13 :
Data analysis based on plants used in different skin diseases.