Building Information Modelling in Indonesia: Knowledge, Implementation and Barriers

: This article aims to identify the status of construction industry practitioners in Indonesia in terms of their knowledge and current practices as well as the barriers for implementing Building Information Modelling (BIM). This study utilises a questionnaire survey, aimed at the construction industry practitioners in Indonesia. The result shows that BIM is still a novelty for the construction practitioners in Indonesia. This is backed with the finding that more than 60% of the respondents was not familiar with BIM terminology or did not have proper knowledge of BIM terminology. More than 70% of the respondents' projects have implemented BIM Level 1, mostly in transportation service, energy production and distribution, roads and bridges, and the building infrastructure category. The five highest ranks of barriers to BIM implementation are lack of BIM training, lack of BIM experience and capability, no client demand, high cost in software and hardware acquisition, and inadequate information technology (IT) facilities. The recommended strategy should be initiated by the government, by conducting a comprehensive familiarisation programme covering BIM knowledge, BIM advantages and BIM implementation in the industry. At the same time, the government should prepare regulations and standards as guidance to BIM implementation in Indonesia.


INTRODUCTION
Throughout the construction project life cycle, a huge amount of data is generated, stored, communicated and transferred among project stakeholders. Different specialists from many disciplines interact and corporate to generate and utilise such data. According to Levinet (1988), such interaction and corporation require a structured and organised approach, helped by the use of computers. As construction projects are becoming larger and more complex these days, and the Internet is being used more and more, the use of information and communication technology (ICT) is inevitable for structuring and organising these huge amounts of data.
For the last two decades, the use of ICT has been increasing rapidly. This is due to the capability of ICT to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of business processes (O'Brien and Marakas, 2010). Therefore, it is common practice for today's business managers to use tablet computers to coordinate work and conduct decision-making (Laudon and Laudon, 2013). However, Peansupap and Walker (2004), Feng (2006), Chassiakos (2007), Ahuja, Yang and Shankar (2010)

LITERATURE REVIEW
The literature review covers three main targets of this study, namely knowledge, implementation and the barriers of BIM. The knowledge of BIM is identified in accordance with the literature review of the definition of BIM. The implementation of BIM is investigated based on the study of BIM's maturity level. The barriers of BIM implementation are observed using several barrier factors, which have been studied previously.

BIM Definition
National BIM Standard-United States® (2015) defined BIM as "a digital representation of physical and functional characteristics of a facility. As such, it serves as a shared knowledge resource for information about a facility, forming a reliable basis for decisions during its life cycle from inception onward". Zuppa, Issa and Suermann (2009) defined BIM as a concept to improve collaboration between each party in a construction project, aiming to control any project-related risk as well as achieving the project's objective. McGraw Hill (2009) emphasised that BIM utilisation covers the design, construction, operation and maintenance phase of a construction project. In terms of the design phase, BIM is implied as "an intelligent three-dimensional (3D) virtual building model that can be constructed digitally by containing all aspects of building information -into an intelligent format that can be used to develop optimised building solutions with reduced risk and increase value before committing to a design proposal" (Woo, Wilsmann and Kang, 2010: 538).
In accordance with those definitions, it could be summarised that BIM is a collaboration concept between each party in construction projects using a digital model, which allows building data distribution to reduce any risk in the entire project life cycle. Succar (2010: 291) describes the BIM maturity level as "the quality, repeatability and degree of excellence within a BIM capability". As stated by Succar (2009), the BIM maturity level consists of three levels, which are BIM Level 1: Object-based modelling, BIM Level 2: Model-based collaboration and BIM Level 3: Network-based integration. Besides, Succar (2010) adds the Pre-BIM Level, which accommodates the construction industry before the implementation of BIM (Succar, 2010).

Barriers to BIM Implementation
Various studies have discussed the barriers to BIM implementation in both developed and developing countries. Liu et al. (2015) identify 12 factors as barriers to BIM implementation. Those 12 factors had been adopted from 18 research papers published between 2004 and 2014. Based on those factors, the top three factors which are considered as barriers are the high cost of application, lack of national standards and lack of skilled personnel. The surveys have also been conducted in China and Australia.
As the Australian architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) industry has established the BIM standard, the Chinese AEC industry is at an early stage of promotion of BIM, so there is a slight difference in the detail rank of those three factors. The Chinese respondents focused on the high cost of application whilst the Australian focused on the lack of national standards. Hosseini et al. (2016) in 2015 conducted a survey on Iranian construction practitioners to identify the barriers to BIM implementation. Based on 13 factors adopted from 12 research papers published between 2010 and 2015, it was found that the five main factors are lack of support by policy makers, ignorance about where to start and training being unavailable, BIM standards being unavailable and the cost to purchase the software. Considering Iran as a developing country like Malaysia, research conducted by Bin Zakaria et al. (2013) for the Malaysian AEC industry found almost similar result, where the practitioners do not know where to start as there are no BIM guidelines and standards due to the lack of government support and the people show resistance to change.
The research related to the BIM implementation in the Middle East was conducted by Gerges et al. (2017), who found 10 factors as barriers and obstacles to implementing BIM. The top five derived from 10 factors are: the practitioners compare BIM with computer-aided design (CAD), resistance to change, BIM as additional cost, lack of BIM specialists and lack of demand.
Moreover, NBS (National Building Specifications) as a leading institution in the UK that monitors the BIM implementation not just in the UK but also in Canada, Finland and New Zealand, found that the top four barriers are lack of expertise, lack of standardised tools and protocol, lack of collaboration and cost (NBS, 2013). On the other hand, in the NBS (2014), focusing only on the UK, the top five barriers are: (1) no client demand, (2) BIM being not always relevant to the projects worked on, (3) cost, (4) the projects worked on are seen as too small and (5) lack of in-house expertise (NBS, 2014).
In the NBS (2018), 17 main barriers are identified to implementing BIM. Among those barriers, the top five consists of lack of in-house expertise, no client demand, lack of training, BIM being not relevant to the projects worked on, cost and no time to get up to speed while Ahmed in 2018 conducted research in Bangladesh found that top five barrier to implementation of BIM are social and habitual resistance to change, traditional methods of contracting, training expenses and the learning curve are too expensive, high cost of software purchasing and lack of awareness about BIM.
Based on all those research results both in developed and developing countries, several factors appear several times such as cost, lack of BIM standard, lack of expertise, lack of government support, lack of necessary training, no client demand and resistance to change. Table 1 shows the map of BIM implementation barriers.

METHODOLOGY
This study utilises a questionnaire survey covering four main sections, which are: (1) the profile of respondents and projects, (2) knowledge of BIM, (3) implementation of BIM and (4) barriers to BIM implementation. The questionnaire section combines both open and closed questions, aiming at the infrastructure practitioners in Indonesia.

Profile of Respondents and Projects
This section identifies the profile of respondents, including type of company, project and experience. The type of company includes owner, consultant or contractor, alongside with the sub-qualification of the company (in accordance with the Ministry of Public Works of the Republic of Indonesia Regulation No. 8 of 2011 concerning division of sub-classification and sub-qualification of constructions services business). The experience categories range from 0 to 5 years, 5 to 10 years, 10 to 15 years and more than 15 years. Furthermore, this section identifies the detail of the project in which the respondent is involved. The detail covers the infrastructure category (Grigg, 1988) and the project life cycle, in accordance with BIM Project Life Cycle Phases 1, 2 and 3 (Succar, 2009). Succar (2009) delivered three different project life cycle phases, which differ in the overlapping between three project stages (design, construction and operation). As described by Succar (2009), Phase 1 shows no overlapping between any of project stages. Phase 2 presents an overlap between the design and construction stages, while all project stages overlapped each other in Phase 3. These project life cycle phases are related to the BIM maturity level, in which each level could optimally be beneficial in the respective life cycle. These life cycle phases are shown to the respondents to identify which phase could best describe the project they are currently working on.

Knowledge of BIM
The investigated knowledge includes BIM basic definition and BIM maturity level. The questions include filter questions, aimed at sorting the characteristics of the respondents. The filter questions guide the respondents to answer the question based on their knowledge, meaning that respondents do not need to answer all the questions. The questions lead to four different groups of respondents, which differ in the knowledge of BIM terminology and maturity level. The groups are: 1. Group 1: The respondent who was not familiar with BIM terminology or did not have a correct knowledge of BIM terminology.
2. Group 2: The respondent who had a correct knowledge of BIM terminology but was not familiar with the BIM maturity level.
3. Group 3: The respondent who had a correct knowledge of BIM terminology was familiar with BIM maturity level but did not give a correct explanation about the BIM maturity level.
4. Group 4: The respondent who had a correct knowledge of BIM terminology was familiar with BIM maturity level and gave a correct explanation about the BIM maturity level.
The first question (Q1) investigates whether the respondent is familiar with BIM terminology. If the respondent is not familiar with BIM terminology, they will be directed to the next section (BIM Implementation) and classified as Group 1, otherwise they continue to the second question (Q2).
The second question investigates the respondent's knowledge of BIM's basic definition, whether it is classified as computer software or as a collaboration concept. If the respondents choose computer software, they will be directed to the next section (BIM Implementation) and classified as Group 1, otherwise they continue to the third question (Q3).
The third question investigates knowledge of the BIM maturity level. If the respondents do not know about this maturity level, they will be directed to the next section (BIM Implementation) and classified as Group 2, otherwise, they continue to the fourth question (Q4). In the following question, the respondents will be asked to explain their knowledge of BIM maturity level through an open question. If the answer is wrong (in accordance with the literature by Succar [2009] regarding the BIM maturity level), the respondents will be classified as Group 3, otherwise, they will be classified as Group 4.

Implementation of BIM
The output of this section is the BIM maturity level of the project the respondent is currently working on. In the first question in this section (Q5), the respondents are asked to identify the dimension of the model used in their project. If the project still utilised only the two-dimensional (2D) model, then the BIM maturity level of the project is classified as Pre-BIM and the respondent will be directed to the next section. If the answer is 3D model or combination of 2D and 3D, the respondent will be directed to the next question.
The second question in this section (Q6) identifies whether the utilised model includes the cost and time (scheduling) parameter. If the answer is "No", the BIM maturity level of the project will be classified as BIM Level 1 and the respondent will be directed to the next section. If the cost and time parameter included in the model, the respondent will be directed to the next question. In the third question in this section (Q7), the respondent is asked if all stakeholders work in one model. The BIM maturity level of the project will be classified as BIM Level 2 if the answer is "No". If all stakeholders work in one model, the project is classified as BIM Level 3. After this question, the respondent will be directed to the next section.

Barriers to BIM Implementation
As mentioned earlier in the Literature Review section, especially in barriers to BIM implementation part (refer to Table 1), several factors appear several time with the different phrase but the same meaning. For example, "incomplete national standard" mentioned by Liu et al. (2015) and "lack of support and incentive from construction policy" mentioned by Hosseini et al. (2016). In this article, a new phrase is established to include all the meanings. For the example mentioned before, the phrase is "No government regulations and standards". The similar mechanism applied to all factors mentioned by all those researches. As the final list, 14 BIM implementation barriers can be seen on Table 11.
The respondent is asked to rate the significance of 14 BIM implementation barriers using the Likert scale of 1 to 5 (ranging from not important to very important). The response will then be ranked using the relative importance index (RII) method to identify the most important barrier to BIM implementation. A brief explanation of BIM terminology, maturity level, implementation example and requirements are given as a preface to this section, in order to assist the respondent who was not familiar with BIM.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The questionnaire is distributed to 150 construction practitioners in Indonesia, resulting in 112 responses. The distribution was conducted from March to December 2018. The results of each section which is followed by the respective discussion are presented as follows.

Profile of Respondents and Projects
The respondents consist of contractors, consultants and owners of Indonesian construction industries. Most of the respondents work as consultant, with the value of 48% of total respondents, followed by 35% of owners and 17% of contractors.
Among the respondent who works as consultant, 87% of the respondent works in a company which is allowed to execute project without any size limit, 9% in approximately USD165,000 limit and 4% in approximately USD30,000 limit. In between the respondent who works as contractor, 58% of the respondent works in a company which is allowed to execute project without any size limit and both 21% in approximately USD16,650,000 and USD3,300,000 limit. The experience length of the respondents, followed by infrastructure category and project life cycle phase of the project of the respondents are described in Tables 2 and 3, respectively.
In accordance with the profile shown in Tables 2 and 3, the experience length of the respondents varies in each category. It means that the response is obtained from a balanced point of view. Most of their current projects are building, energy production and distribution (including oil and gas facilities), and road and bridge projects. It indicates that most of the projects are considered complex in the design, construction and operation phases. Related to project life cycle category, most of the respondents defined the project life cycle phase of the project they were working on as Phase 1. It means that most of the projects have no overlap between project stages. Only 40% of the respondents experienced an overlap between the design and construction stages, while the rest of the respondents worked on a project which has a full overlap between the design, construction and operation stage.

Knowledge of BIM
In accordance with the BIM knowledge group explained in the previous section, the percentage of each group is presented in Table 4. According to Table 4, more than 60% of the respondents belongs to Group 1, who was not familiar with BIM terminology or did not have a correct knowledge of BIM terminology. There are 25% of respondents that belongs to Group 2, indicating that they apprehend BIM as a collaboration concept but are not familiar with the BIM maturity level while 11% of the respondents understands BIM terminology but gives a wrong explanation about the BIM maturity level. Only 2% of the respondents belong to Group 4, which was familiar with the BIM maturity level and gave a correct explanation about the BIM maturity level. This could lead to the conclusion that BIM is still a novelty for the construction practitioners in Indonesia.

Such finding is near similar to the Iran construction industry as well as in the Middle
East. Hosseini et al. (2016) found that only 29.5% involved in some level of BIM, while Gerges et al. (2017) found only 20% in the Middle East are using BIM or in the process of adopting. A similarity of conditions was also portrayed when a survey was conducted in the UK in 2010 when the BIM journey is started. Although different on percentage, it seems this becomes the pattern when BIM on the early stages of the journey. Table 5 shows that BIM Knowledge Groups 3 and 4 only belong to the category indicating 0 to 5 and 5 to 10 years' experience. It indicates that the respondents ranging from the younger category have more up-to-date knowledge of the latest construction technology compared to the elder one. Thus, the recommendation is to conduct a knowledge transfer within the company, since the elder category is involved more in stakeholder interfacing, in which BIM could potentially solve the interfacing problems.  Table 6 shows that BIM Knowledge Groups 3 and 4 only belong to transportation service, energy production and distribution, and the building infrastructure category. Thus, it could be concluded that the respondent who works on these three categories has the best BIM knowledge. Furthermore, based on the respondent's company in Table 7, there is no owner found to belong to Groups 3 or 4. This finding could relate to the next analysis of BIM implementation barriers.

Implementation of BIM
More than 70% of the project of the respondent has implemented BIM Level 1.
There are still 17% of projects that implemented the Pre-BIM Level, in which paperbased documentation occurs. Compared to the BIM knowledge result, it could be concluded that Indonesian construction practitioners have implemented BIM Level 1 without having a proper knowledge of BIM. These findings could lead to an immediate need to conduct BIM familiarisation programme for Indonesian construction practitioners in order to leave the Pre-BIM Level and fully implement at least BIM Level 1 in their project. Table 8 shows that transportation service, energy production and distribution, roads and bridges, and building infrastructure category in which the respondents are working, implement a higher BIM maturity level. The transportation service category even presents no project under Pre-BIM level. There are several projects that still implement the Pre-BIM level, including roads and bridges, water management and waste management. This finding is supported by the fact that the project within those categories has a relatively low level of complexity. In accordance with the result shown in Table 9, most of the respondents who work as contractors and consultants have already implemented BIM Level 1. Pre-BIM implementation is found mostly among respondents who work at owner-companies. This fact could reflect the finding on BIM implementation barriers, which states that "no client demand" is one of the most important barriers. The implementation of BIM is subsequently compared to the investigated project life cycle phase (based on Succar [2009]) which has been discussed in the previous chapter. The result of the comparison is provided in the Table 10.  Based on Table 10, the most identified category is "Project life cycle phase > BIM implementation" by 58.9%. This category means that the respective project requires a higher BIM maturity level implementation. This leads to a recommendation of accelerating the BIM familiarisation programme so that all parties could understand the potential benefit of a particular BIM maturity level implementation in a specific project life cycle phase.

Barriers to the Implementation of BIM
The ranked barriers to BIM implementations based on all answers are depicted in Table 11. Most of the high ranks are derived from BIM knowledge problems (lack of BIM training and lack of BIM experience and capability) and BIM cost problem (high cost of software and hardware acquisition). Those problems could be more severe due to the other high barrier ranks which indicate no government regulations and standards. Although different in order, these three barriers were consistent with the findings of several researchers. As shown in Table 1, Hosseini et al. (2016), Liu et al. (2015) and NBS (2013) found that lack of national standard and support from the government as the first barrier. These three researchers also put the cost issues for BIM application includes in the top three barriers. However, in terms of training issues as well as the experience and the capability, the order of barrier is different for Hosseini et al. (2016) and Liu et al. (2015). They found this barrier included in the order of the fifth to the ninth. It seems the factor of information disclosure in the globalisation era triggers the Indonesian construction industry to more eager to learn the BIM compare to wait for regulations as well as the national standard. The rank generated based on buildings, energy production and distribution, and the consultant specific respondent group, shows that "no client demand" is the highest barrier rank. This result is in line with the previous findings concerning respondents who work as owners: (1) mostly belong to BIM Knowledge Group 1, who was unfamiliar with BIM terminology (2) mostly involved in projects that still implement Pre-BIM Level. This leads to a priority in accelerating BIM "penetration" to the owner entities within Indonesian construction industry. Once the owners have fully understood the BIM terminology, benefits and implementation, they could obligate BIM implementation in their projects, pushing all other stakeholders to do so.
Being considered as the biggest owner entity, the government should initiate the "penetration" process by conducting a national familiarisation programme. This should be initially conducted internally, e.g., of the government, to ensure that all governmental functionaries have the same understanding of BIM terminology and benefits. The familiarisation programme will then be continued to the private entities, including owners, contractors and consultants. The programme should Table 11. (continued) be performed in phases, considering the wide region of Indonesia and the inert nature of the Indonesian construction industry. The programme is aimed mainly introducing the benefits of BIM in all project phases. The understanding of BIM benefits could enhance the shifting of the traditional viewpoint of practitioners in which, certainly, BIM implementation is certainly considered costly. All BIM benefits include enhancing productivity and improving collaboration. It could potentially save much of the cost compared to its installation. Besides, BIM implementation could escalate the company value from the marketing point of view, since BIM has been common practice in many countries.
In parallel, government should establish respective regulations and standards for BIM implementation. Through the regulation, the government could necessitate BIM implementation for all public project gradually, in line with the execution of the familiarisation programme. Indonesian government has established the regulation through the regulation of Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing of the Republic of Indonesia Number 22/2018 concerning construction of government buildings. This regulation stated that BIM must be implemented in government buildings with more than 2,000 m 2 area and more than two floors. Moreover, this regulation stated that the design output is produced using BIM, covering architectural drawing, structural drawing, utility drawing, landscape drawing, bill of quantity and cost estimation.
In order to enhance the implementation, this scope of the regulation should be gradually expanded to all construction projects in Indonesia. Besides, it should be backed with more detail regulation derivative, consisting a comprehensive standard in order to keep the BIM implementation on the right track. The standard could be adapted from a developed country, in which BIM has been implemented maturely. The standard should consider the suitability of the required BIM implementation and the project's complexity. The project's complexity could be categorised based on the project resource budget, number of stakeholders, or project significance. Then the category could be matched with the suitable BIM maturity level implementation. Additionally, the government should consider giving an incentive to accelerate the implementation. This could enhance small scale company to start learning and implementing BIM in their projects.

CONCLUSION
In summary, BIM is still novel for the construction practitioner in Indonesia. This is supported by the finding that more than 60% of the respondents was not familiar with BIM terminology or did not have correct knowledge of BIM terminology. Only 2% of the respondents was familiar with BIM maturity level and gave a correct explanation about maturity level. In terms of experience length of the respondents, this percentile belongs to the 0 to 5 and 5 to 10 years' experience category. Based on the infrastructure category, 2% of respondents mostly work in transportation service, energy production and distribution, and building infrastructure category.
More than 70% of the projects of the respondents have implemented BIM Level 1, mostly in the fields of transportation service, energy production and distribution, roads and bridge, and building infrastructure category. There are still 17% of projects that implemented the Pre-BIM Level, in which paper-based documentation occurs. Compared to the BIM knowledge result, it could be concluded that Indonesian construction practitioners have implemented BIM Level 1 without having a proper knowledge of BIM. Compared to the life cycle phase of their current project, almost 60% of the projects of the respondents require a higher BIM maturity level implementation.
The five highest ranks of barriers to BIM implementation are lack of BIM training, lack of BIM experience and capability, no client demand, high cost of software and hardware acquisition, and inadequate IT facilities. The recommended strategy should be initiated by the government, by conducting a comprehensive familiarisation programme covering BIM knowledge, BIM advantages and BIM implementation in the industry. The cognition of BIM advantages could change the conventional presumption about the high cost of BIM implementation. All BIM advantages such as escalating productivity and improving collaboration. This could potentially save much of the cost compared to BIM procurement costs. Additionally, BIM implementation could escalate the company value from the marketing point of view.
At the same time, government should prepare regulations and standards for BIM implementation. The government could oblige BIM implementation for all public projects gradually through the regulation. Indonesian government has launched the regulation through the Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing of the Republic of Indonesia Regulation No. 22. This regulation obligated BIM implementation in every government building with more than 2,000 m 2 area and more than two floors. The regulation should be supported with a comprehensive standard in order to guide the BIM implementation. The standard could be adapted from a developed country, where BIM has been implemented maturely. In addition, the government should also consider giving an incentive to accelerate the implementation. This could enhance the small scale companies to start learning and implementing BIM in their projects.