The driving force effect of trade embodied carbon emissions and embodied SO2 emissions transferred in resources-rich areas: A case study of Shanxi province

SDA (Structural Decomposition Analysis) model was applied to analyze the driving factors of embodied carbon and SO 2 emissions transferred in Shanxi during 2007–2012 based on the input-output model from the perspectives of region and industry. The results showed that the change of embodied carbon emissions and embodied SO 2 emissions of Shanxi and other regions were hindered by the carbon (sulfur) emissions strength effect, but promoted by the intermediate (nal) demand scale effect, the intermediate (nal) structure effect and the input-output structure effect. The carbon emissions strength effect had a signicant contribution to reducing the embodied carbon emissions transferred from industries in Shanxi to other regions. The intermediate (nal) demand scale effect was the driving factor to increase the embodied carbon emissions transferred from industries in Shanxi to other regions. The sulfur emissions strength effect was the only factor that reduced the embodied SO 2 emissions transferred from Shanxi to other industries. The change of embodied carbon emissions from industries in other regions to Shanxi was hindered by the carbon emissions strength effect, but the input-output structure effect and nal demand scale effect both increased the embodied carbon emissions from industries in other regions to Shanxi. The change of the embodied SO 2 emissions transferred from industries in other regions to Shanxi was inhibited by the sulfur emissions strength effect, but the input-output structure effect, the intermediate demand structure effect and the nal demand scale effect were both the driving force effect of increasing the embodied SO 2 emissions transferred from industries in other regions to Shanxi. The corresponding suggestions and measures were put forward.


Introduction
Climate change and atmospheric control have become the widespread concern focus (Su et al.  . The task of emissions reduction and haze control should be implemented in all regions to alleviate the huge pressure of carbon emissions reduction and haze control faced by China (Weber et al., 2016). However, trade will promote resource redistribution in the process of regional economic integration (Peters et al., 2008).
Meanwhile, producers and users of commodities will transfer embodied carbon emissions and embodied SO 2 emissions due to trade activities (Liu et al., 2016;Meng et al., 2013). Therefore, it is urgent to jointly study the important scienti c problems with the embodied carbon and SO 2 emissions transferred affecting factors, which can provide a certain reality reference for local governments making emissions reduction policies, implementing scenario simulation, forecasting, and conducive to the development of local governments to develop more suitable for the region and haze management comprehensive measures to reduce emissions. Therefore, the ideal synergistic effect of carbon emissions reduction and effective haze control can be achieved (Chen et  Additionally, the research area is mainly at the international and national macro level, and there are few related studies on the driving force analysis of embodied carbon in trade and SO 2 embodied emissions transferred in speci c regions. As an important functional type area in China, energy-rich areas are the energy supply base to ensure the rapid development of China's modern industrialization and urbanization process (Wen et al., 2014). While the energy-rich region transfers resources to other regions through trade, the resource input region will increase the corresponding embodied carbon and SO 2 emissions in the consuming process. Investigating the driving force factors of embodied carbon and SO 2 emissions of energy enrichment region transferred to other regions, which can help local district government to clarify the structure and weights of factors of region embodied carbon and SO 2 emissions sources, and it can provide a certain reference for fairly and effectively control the carbon emissions and SO 2 emissions of each region. As a typical energy rich region in China, Shanxi Province is extremely rich in coal resources, which can supply coal resources to many regions in China. Additionally, while Shanxi continues to provide coal resources to other regions, it will also transfer the embodied carbon and SO 2 emissions to the resource receivers through trade. Therefore, the driving force effect of trade embodied carbon and embodied SO 2 emissions transfer in energy-rich area of Shanxi was studied combined with the multi-regional input-output model and structural decomposition model. The in uence factors of intermediate demand and nal demand of trade embodied carbon and embodied SO 2 emissions transferred in Shanxi were analyzed in detail from the perspective of region and industry, which provided certain practical reference value for Shanxi and other energy-rich areas to formulate carbon emissions reduction and haze control.

Methods
The research method of combining the multi-region input-output model with the structure decomposition model was adopted. And the driving force effect of carbon and SO 2 emissions transferred in energy rich area of Shanxi Province was analyzed and explored. The calculation of the multi-region input-output model involves direct and indirect energy consumption, so that all the emissions of resource consumption in the economic system can be calculated objectively (Huang et al., 2016;Zhang et al., 2014). The structural decomposition model deeply dissects the industry information in the inputoutput table and the relationship between them based on the input-output analysis theory,  to identify the factors affecting pollutant emissions in the economy . The basic principle of the model is to decompose an identity according to its constituent elements, and decompose the changing value of the research object into the sum of the changes of several constituent factors. And the driving force effect of direct and indirect factors on the transfer of carbon (sulfur) emissions is calculated under the condition that other conditions remain unchanged (Butnar et al., 2011).
The intra-regional embodied carbon (sulfur) emissions were calculated based on the input-output model (refer to the speci c calculation formula of reference (Wu et al., 2020)), and driving factors of intraregional embodied carbon (sulfur) emissions transferred were decomposed by structural decomposition model.
Intermediate demand corresponds to the rst quadrant of the input-output table, which mainly re ects the production technology connections among various industries in the national economy. Final demand is the second quadrant of the input-output  Therefore, when Shanxi transferred resources to other regions, the carbon emissions from other regions was effectively hindered by the effect of carbon emissions strength. China actively implemented lowcarbon emissions reduction policies and measures and has made certain progress in terms of reducing carbon emissions strength, which also showed the effectiveness of policy guidance. Additionally, other regions should pay attention to the increase of input structure, production structure and consumption structure. Therefore, other regions should optimize the production and consumption scale, and adjust the input, production and consumption structure, to reduce the carbon emissions embodied by the input of trade activities. Therefore, while other regions obtained resources from Shanxi Province for processing and use, the production scale and nal demand scale signi cantly increased the embodied SO 2 emissions, and the embodied SO 2 emissions caused by ine cient and unreasonable input-output structure could not be ignored. Therefore, other regions should strengthen the detection and control of input-output structure, production, processing and nal use of SO 2 emissions, to reduce the emergence and input of embodied  Fig. 3 (b)). The input-output structure effect, nal demand structure effect and nal demand scale effect had a signi cant promoting effect on the increasing of nal demand embodied carbon emissions transferred from other regions to Shanxi, and the increased embodied carbon emissions were 61.14%, 29.04% and 151.98%, respectively. The nal demand scale effect was the main driving factor to increase the embodied carbon emissions transferred from other regions to Shanxi. The input-output structure and the emissions generated by the nal consumption demand should be paid to attention to reduce the emissions transferred from other regions to Shanxi through trade. it was not di cult to nd that the nal demand embodied from other region to Shanxi during 2007-2012 was still increased compared with the negative effect of the embodied carbon emissions strength and the positive effects of the input and output structure effect, the nal demand structure effect and nal demand scale effect.
In conclusion, the carbon emissions strength effect was the main driving factors to reduce the embodied carbon emissions transferred from other regions to Shanxi. And the input-output structure effect, The nal demand scale effect and the input-output structure effect increased the nal demand embodied carbon emissions imported from other regions to Shanxi Province (see Fig. 7 proportion of clean energy used, the industrial structure adjusted, production technology improved were needed to increase. Additionally, the consumption scale, production structure and input technology needed to be reduced. Therefore, it was meaningful to effectively control the embodied SO 2 emissions transferred from other regions to Shanxi through trade activities.

Suggestions
Shanxi Province, as an important energy-rich region in China, plays an important role in maintaining regional sustainable development. Low carbon emissions reduction and haze management, Shanxi Province, an energy-rich region, seeks a way of energy conservation, emissions reduction and sustainable development, which is of great strategic signi cance for realizing the green transformation of the region and helps to form a long-term and stable strategic pattern of development under the background of the country's strong advocacy of sustainable development strategy. Meanwhile, Shanxi should actively conduct trade activities with other regions to promote regional coordinated development and achieve the dual effects of environmental governance and economic development.
To reduce the carbon and SO 2 emissions of Shanxi and other regions, we should seek diversi ed schemes to strengthen the governance effect of emissions reduction. Adjusting the nal demand model is an important way to effectively alleviate the transfer of hidden (sulfur) carbon emissions, such as promoting rational and green consumption, actively encouraging the green consumption, and developing green environmental protection industries to control the further expansion of industries with high strength of emissions, transforming key industries into green ones, and strengthening legal and policy guarantees for green development. Besides, adjusting the consumption structure, increasing the trade proportion of products from low-carbon and environmental protection industries, improving the trade structure, special paying attention to the energy-intensive consumption structure, and a special regulatory system will be formulated for highly pollution-intensive industries to optimize the nal demand pattern. Additionally, improving the structure of economic production, attaching importance to cleaner production and technological progress, and increasing the capital and technology input of cleaner production. Besides, formulating policies for production structure and technical e ciency, such as reducing the use of fossil fuels through a carbon tax, tax breaking to encourage manufacturers to produce environmentally friendly products, providing nancial subsidies to develop clean energy, and supporting innovation in green technologies. Though the carbon (sulfur) emissions strength effect plays a signi cant role in reducing the embodied carbon (sulfur) emissions, its effect strength needs to be further developed. Increasing the use of clean energy, reducing the proportion of primary energy used, in particular, desulphurization of energy, strengthening of pipeline terminal treatment, and construction of dust removal facilities can effectively reduce carbon emissions strength and sulfur emissions strength, and then increasing the contribution rate of reducing embodied carbon and embodied SO 2 emissions.

Declarations
Author contributions Jinghui Wu: Design the research idea of this paper, collect data, write this article and English polished.

Data availability
The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Compliance with ethical standards
Ethics approval The authors commit to uphold integrity of the scienti c record by complying with ethical standards.
Contest to participate Not applicable.
Consent for publication Not applicable.

Con ict of interest
The author declares that she has no con ict of interest.

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