Novel Double Slit Experiments: Right-hand Rule and Left-hand Rule ---Interference Patterns Curved, Expanded and Inclined Simultaneously

: Young’s double slit experiments express the mystery of quantum mechanics. To explore the mystery, varieties of the double slit experiments were performed. In this article, we show the novel double slit experiments in which the following three phenomena emerged simultaneously: (1) the interference patterns incline towards the axis that perpendicular to the axis the diaphragm rotating around; (2) the interference patterns curved; (3) the distances between the fringes of the interference patterns expanded. To determine the direction the pattern curved towards, we propose the right-hand rule for the clockwise rotating diaphragm and the left-hand rule for the counterclockwise rotating diaphragms. Those experiments show more mysteries of the double slit and provide comprehensive data for developing/testing a theoretical model. Declaration: this work has no potential interesting conflict


Introduction
Young's double slit experiment was first performed in 1801 [1,2], which, 100 years later, led to wave-particle duality. Feynman called the double slit experiment "a phenomenon which is impossible […] to explain in any classical way, and which has in it the heart of quantum mechanics. In reality, it contains the only mystery [of quantum mechanics]." [3]. Moreover, the nature of photons truly puzzled Einstein. He wrote to M. Besso: "All these 50 years of conscious brooding have brought me no nearer to the answer to the question: What are light quanta?" [4].
In the standard double slit experiments, the characteristics of the interference patterns are described by three factors, wave length, the spacing between two slits and distance between the double slit and screen, as described by equation, !"#$% = to the parameter of the diaphragm of the double slit, i.e., the spacing d; (2) the fringes of the interference pattern distribute along a straight line; (3) the equation was derived for a special situation that the light beam is perpendicular to the plane of the diaphragm of the double slit.
We raised a question whether the orientations of the diaphragm affect the characteristics of the interference pattern? To answer this question, several experiments have been performed [5] [6] [7] [8].
The double slit experiments show that the characteristics of the interference patterns vary with different orientations of the diaphragm of double slit. Namely, when the diaphragm rotates around Y-axis which is defined to be perpendicular to the double slit, the interference pattern curved; while the diaphragm rotates around Z-axis which is defined to be parallel with the double slit, the distances between the fringes expand.
The cross-double slit experiments show that, beside the above two phenomena, portion of the interference patterns incline towards the axis that is perpendicular to the axis the diaphragm rotating around.
We raise a question whether the interference patterns of the double slit experiments incline?
In this article, we show that, by rotating the diaphragm of the double slit around one axis, all of three phenomena are observed in the same interference pattern simultaneously: (1) the interference patterns incline towards the axis that perpendicular to the axis the diaphragm rotating around; (2) the interference patterns curved; (3) the distances between the fringes of the interference patterns expanded.
To determine the curved direction of the interference patterns, we propose Left-hand Rule and Right-hand Rule.

Apparatus
The experiments utilize a laser source, the diaphragms of the double slit, a protractor and a screen/detector. To study, we setup the diaphragm of the double slit in two original orientations:

Experiments with First Original Orientation
With the setup of First original orientation, Figure 1 we perform experiments in two steps.

Experiments with Second Original Orientation
With the setup of Second original orientation, Figure 2 we do experiments in two steps. The interference pattern curved downwards.
Second step: rotating the diaphragm 60 0 and 75 0 respectively around Y-axis clockwise.

Left-Hand Rule and Right-Hand Rule to Determine Directions Patterns Curved towards
We have shown that, attribute to the rotations of the diaphragm, either clockwise or counterclockwise, the patterns/interference patterns curved [5] [6] [7] [8]. To determine the direction the patterns curved towards, we propose Left-hand Rule and Right-hand Rule.

Left-hand Rule and Right-hand Rule
The experiments above show complex forms showing how the interference patterns curved towards. To determine the direction of the interference patterns curved towards, we propose the Left-hand Rule and Right-hand Rule.

Left-hand Rule:
For the curved pattern created by diaphragm rotating counterclockwise.
To determine the direction of the patterns curved towards, point the left thumb to the source, the index finger is aligned with the direction of the original pattern, and the middle finger will point in the direction of the patterns curved towards, which is attribute to the counterclockwise rotation of the diaphragm. To determine the direction of the patterns curved towards, point the right thumb in the direction of the source, the index finger is aligned with the direction of the original pattern, and the middle finger will point in the direction of the patterns curved towards, which is attribute to the clockwise rotation of the diaphragm. Figure 8 Right-hand Rule

Testing Left-hand Rule and Right-hand Rule
The experiments above obey Left-hand Rule and Right-hand Rule. Now let us test other curved pattern/interference patterns reported before [6] [7] [8].
Single slit experiments. Rotating the diaphragm of the single slit around Y-axis.      Figure 13, which obeys Right-hand Rule. Then rotating the diaphragm counterclockwise around Y-axis, the created interference patterns are curved towards the right as shown in Figure 14, which obeys Left-hand Rule.

Possible Application
The novel phenomena of the double slit experiments may be applicable in industry, such as in the grating-based x-ray imaging/tomography [9]. The grating is the multi-slits.

Summary
By rotating the diaphragm of the double slit around one axis, we observe three phenomena simultaneously, namely, the interference patterns curved, expanded and inclined simultaneously (see attached video).
To determine the direction of the curved interference patterns, we propose Left-hand Rule and Right-hand Rule. The experiments in this article and in previous articles obey the rules. However, the underlying physics of the Rules is unclear.

Note:
Please see the next page for the link to the attached video which shows the evolution of the interference pattern of the novel double slit experiments presented in this paper. The video shows how the characteristics of the interference patterns vary when the diaphragm is rotating. We start from the original orientation of the diaphragm, namely, the laser beam is perpendicular to the plane of the diaphragm and the angle between the double slit and the vertical direction is 45 degrees. The original interference pattern is shown.
Then rotating the diaphragm around the vertical direction counterclockwise. The interference patterns change gradually in three aspects continuously: First aspect, the whole pattern is inclined towards the horizontal axis.
Second aspect, the distances between fringes are expanded.
Third aspect, the patterns curve upwards.
Then go back to the original orientation and rotate the diaphragm clockwise. The interference patterns still vary in three aspects: First and Second aspects are the same. Third aspect, the patterns curve, but to opposite direction, i.e., downward.