Ahmed W, Imran M, Yaseen M, Ul Haq T, Jamshaid MU, Rukh S, Khan MA (2020) Role of salicylic acid in regulating ethylene and physiological characteristics for alleviating salinity stress on germination, growth and yield of sweet pepper. Peer J8:e8475
Anjum NA, Gill R, Kaushik M, Hasanuzzaman M, Pereira E, Ahmad I, Tuteja N, Gill SS (2015) ATP-sulfurylase, sulfur-compounds, and plant stress tolerance. Front Plant Sci 6:210
Asgher M, Khan NA, Khan MIR, Fatma M, Masood A (2014) Ethylene production is associated with alleviation of cadmium-induced oxidative stress by sulfur in mustard types differing in ethylene sensitivity. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 106:54-61
Ashraf M (2009) Biotechnological approach of improving plant salt tolerance using antioxidants as markers. Biotechnol Advan 27:84-93
Beyer Jr, WF Fridovich I (1987) Assaying for superoxide dismutase activity, some large consequences of minor changes in conditions. Anal Biochemist 161:559-566
Cao WH, Liu J, He XJ, Mu RL, Zhou HL, Chen SY, Zhang JS (2007) Modulation of ethylene responses affects plant salt-stress responses. Plant Physiol 143:707-719
Daud MK, Sun Y, Dawood M, Hayat Y, Variath MT, Wu YX, Mishkat U, Najeeb U, Zhu S (2009) Cadmium-induced functional and ultrastructural alterations in roots of two transgenic cotton cultivars. J Hazard Mater 161:463–473.
Dhindsa RH, Plumb-Dhindsa P, Thorpe TA (1981) Leaf senescence correlated with increased level of membrane permeability, lipid peroxidation and decreased level of SOD and CAT. J Exp Bot 32:93–101
Fatma M, Asgher M, Masood A, Khan NA (2014) Excess sulfur supplementation improves photosynthesis and growth in mustard under salt stress through increased production of glutathione. Environ Exp Bot 107:55-63
Fatma M, Iqbal N, Gautam H, Sehar Z, Sofo A, D'Ippolito I, Khan NA (2021) Ethylene and sulfur coordinately modulate the antioxidant system and ABA accumulation in mustard plants under salt stress. Plants 10:180
Fatma M, Khan MI, Masood A, Khan NA (2013) Coordinate changes in assimilatory sulfate reduction are correlated to salt tolerance: involvement of phytohormones. Ann Res Rev Biol 10:267-95
Fatma M, Masood A, Per TS, Khan NA (2016) Nitric oxide alleviates salt stress inhibited photosynthetic performance by interacting with sulfur assimilation in mustard. Front Plant Sci 7:521
Foyer CH, Halliwell B (1976) The presence of glutathione and glutathione reductase in chloroplasts, a proposed role in ascorbic acid metabolism. Planta 133:21-25
Gaitonde MK (1967) A spectrophotometric method for the direct determination of cysteine in the presence of other naturally occurring amino acids. Biochem J 104:627
Giannopolitis CN, Ries SK (1977) Superoxide dismutases, occurrence in higher plants. Plant Physiol 59:309-314
Griffith OW (1980) Determination of glutathione and glutathione disulfide using glutathione reductase and 2-vinylpyridine. Anal Biochem 106:207-212
Gururani MA, Mohanta TK, Bae H (2015) Current understanding of the interplay between phytohormones and photosynthesis under environmental stress. Inter J Mol Sci 16:19055-85
Herrera-Vásquez A, Salinas P, Holuigue L (2015) Salicylic acid and reactive oxygen species interplay in the transcriptional control of defense genes expression. Front Plant Sci 6:171
Hewitt EJ (1966) Sand and Water Culture Methods Used in the Study of Plant Nutrition Technical Communication No 22 Commonwealth Bureau London
Horn MJ, Jones DB, Blum AE (1946) Colorimetric determination of methionine in proteins and foods. J Biol Chem 166:313-320
Hussain SJ, Khan NA, Anjum NA, Masood A, Khan MIR (2021) Mechanistic elucidation of salicylic acid and sulphur-induced defence systems, nitrogen metabolism, photosynthetic, and growth potential of mungbean (Vigna radiata) under salt stress. J Plant Growth Regul 40:1000-1016
Hussain SJ, Masood A, Anjum NA, Khan NA (2019) Sulfur-mediated control of salinity impact on photosynthesis and growth in mungbean cultivars screened for salt tolerance involves glutathione and proline metabolism, and glucose sensitivity. Acta Physiol Plant 41:129
Iqbal N, Khan NA, Ferrante A, Trivellini A, Francini A, Khan MIR (2017) Ethylene role in plant growth, development and senescence: interaction with other phytohormones. Front Plant Sci 8:475
Iqbal N, Umar S, Khan NA (2015) Nitrogen availability regulates proline and ethylene production and alleviates salinity stress in mustard (Brassica juncea). J Plant Physiol 178:84-91
Isayenkov SV, Maathuis FJM (2019) Plant salinity stress, many unanswered question remain. Front Plant Sci 10:80
Jahan B, Iqbal N, Fatma M, Sehar Z, Sofo A, D'Ippolito I, Khan NA (2021) Ethylene supplementation combined with split application of nitrogen and sulfur protects salt-inhibited photosynthesis through optimization of proline metabolism and antioxidant system in mustard. (Brassica juncea L.) Plants 10:1303
Jahan B, Sehar Z, Masood A, Anjum NA, Khan MIR, Khan NA (2020) Sulfur availability potentiates phytohormones-mediated action in plants. Plant Signal Mol Woodhead Publishing pp. 287-301
Jain A, Srivastava HS (1981) Effect of salicylic acid on nitrate reductase activity in maize seedlings. Physiol Plant 51:339-342
Jamil A, Riaz S, Ashraf M,Foolad MR (2011) Gene expression profiling of plants under salt stress. Crit Rev Plant Sci 30:435-58
Karlidag H, Yildirim E, Turan M (2009) Salicylic acid ameliorates the adverse effect of salt stress on strawberry. Sci Agri 66:180-7
Khan MIR, Iqbal N, Masood A, Per TS, Khan NA (2013) Salicylic acid alleviates adverse effects of heat stress on photosynthesis through changes in proline production and ethylene formation. Plant Signal Behav 8:e26374
Khan MIR, Asgher M, Khan NA (2014) Alleviation of salt-induced photosynthesis and growth inhibition by salicylic acid involves glycinebetaine and ethylene in mungbean (Vigna radiata L.). Plant Physiol Biochem 80:67-74
Khan MIR, Fatma M, Per TS, Anjum NA, Khan NA (2015) Salicylic acid-induced abiotic stress tolerance and underlying mechanisms in plants. Front Plant Sci 30:462
Khan NA, Asgher M, Per TS, Masood A, Fatma M, Khan MIR (2016) Ethylene potentiates sulfur-mediated reversal of cadmium inhibited photosynthetic responses in mustard. Front Plant Sci 7:1628
Lappartient AG, Touraine B (1996) Demand-driven control of root ATP sulfurylase activity and SO42- uptake in intact canola (the role of phloem-translocated glutathione). Plant Physiol 111:147-157
Leslie CA, Romani RJ (1986) Salicylic acid, a new inhibitor of ethylene biosynthesis. Plant Cell Rep 5:144-146
Li G, Peng X, Wei L, Kang G (2013) Salicylic acid increases the contents of glutathione and ascorbate and temporally regulates the related gene expression in salt-stressed wheat seedlings. Gene 529:321-325
Li T, Hu Y, Du X, Tang H, Shen C, Wu J (2014) Salicylic acid alleviates the adverse effects of salt stress in Torreya grandis cv. Merrillii seedlings by activating photosynthesis and enhancing antioxidant systems. PLOS One 9:e109492
Masood A, Iqbal N, Khan NA (2012) Role of ethylene in alleviation of cadmium-induced photosynthetic capacity inhibition by sulfur in mustard. Plant Cell Environ 35:524-533
Masood A, Khan MI, Fatma M, Asgher M, Per TS, Khan NA (2016) Involvement of ethylene in gibberellic acid-induced sulfur assimilation, photosynthetic responses, and alleviation of cadmium stress in mustard plant. Plant Physiol Biochem 104:1-10
Mateo A, Funck D, Mühlenbock P, Kular B (2006) Mullineaux PM, Karpinski S. Controlled levels of salicylic acid are required for optimal photosynthesis and redox homeostasis. J Exp Bot 57:1795-807
Mittal S, Kumari N, Sharma V (2012) Differential response of salt stress on Brassica juncea, photosynthetic performance, pigment, proline, D1 and antioxidant enzymes. Plant Physiol Biochem54:17-26
Miura K, Tada Y (2014) Regulation of water, salinity, and cold stress responses by salicylic acid. Front Plant Sci 5:4
Moharekar ST, Lokhande SD, Hara T, Tanaka R, Tanaka A, Chavan PD (2003) Effect of salicylic acid on chlorophyll and carotenoid contents of wheat and moong seedlings. Photosynthetica 41:315
Munns R, Tester M (2008) Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Ann Rev Plant Biol 59:651–681
Nakano Y,Asada K (1981) Hydrogen peroxide is scavenged by ascorbate-specific peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts. Plant Cell Physiol 22:867-880
Nazar R, Iqbal N, Syeed S, Khan NA (2011) Salicylic acid alleviates decreases in photosynthesis under salt stress by enhancing nitrogen and sulfur assimilation and antioxidant metabolism differentially in two mungbean cultivars. J Plant Physiol 168:807–815
Nazar R, Umar S, Khan NA (2015) Exogenous salicylic acid improves photosynthesis and growth through increase in ascorbate-glutathione metabolism and S assimilation in mustard under salt stress. Plant Signal Behav 10:e1003751
Novozamsky I, Houba VJ, Van Eck R, Van Vark W (1983) A novel digestion technique for multi-element plant analysis. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 14:239-48
Okuda T, Matsuda Y, Yamanaka A, Sagisaka S (1991) Abrupt increase in the level of hydrogen peroxide in leaves of winter wheat is caused by cold treatment. Plant Physiol 97:1265-1267
Rasheed F, Anjum NA, Masood A, Sofo A, Khan NA (2020) The key roles of salicylic acid and sulfur in plant salinity stress tolerance. J Plant Growth Regul 30:1-4
Rasheed F, Sehar Z, Masood A, Khan NA (2018) Sulfur-use-efficiency evaluation in Brassica juncea genotypes under salinity stress. J Funct Environ Bot 8:12-22
Rivas-San Vicente M,Plasencia J (2011) Salicylic acid beyond defence, its role in plant growth and development. J Exp Bot 62:3321-38
Riyazuddin R, Verma R, Singh K, Nisha N, Keisham M, Bhati KK, Kim ST, Gupta R (2020) Ethylene: A master regulator of salinity stress tolerance in plants. Biomolecules 10:959
Sandalio LM, Dalurzo HC, Gomez M, Romero-Puertas MC, Del Rio LA (2001) Cadmium‐induced changes in the growth and oxidative metabolism of pea. plants J Exp Bot 52:2115-2126
Sehar Z, Iqbal N, Khan MIR, Masood A, Rehman MT, Hussain A, Khan NA (2021) Ethylene reduces glucose sensitivity and reverses photosynthetic repression through optimization of glutathione production in salt-stressed wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Sci Rep 11:1-12
Shahbaz M, Ashraf M (2013) Improving salinity tolerance in cereals. Crit Rev Plant Sci 32:237-49
Sharma SS, Dietz KJ (2009) The relationship between metal toxicity and cellular redox imbalance. Trends Plant Sci 14:43-50
Syeed S, Sehar Z, Masood A, Anjum NA, Khan NA (2021) Control of elevated ion accumulation, oxidative stress, and lipid peroxidation with salicylic acid-induced accumulation of glycinebetaine in salinity-exposed Vigna radiata L. Appl Biochem Biotechnol doi: 10.1007/s12010-021-03595-9
Szalai G, Kellős T, Galiba G, Kocsy G (2009) Glutathione as an antioxidant and regulatory molecule in plants under abiotic stress conditions. J Plant Growth Regul 28:66-80
Tao JJ, Chen HW, Ma B, Zhang WK, Chen SY, Zhang JS (2015) The role of ethylene in plants under salinity stress. Front Plant Sci 6:1059
Tari I, Csiszár J, Horváth E, Poór P, Takács Z, Szepesi Á (2015) The alleviation of the adverse effects of salt stress in the tomato plant by salicylic acid shows a time-and organ-specific antioxidant response. Acta Biol Crac Bot 57:21-30
USDA-National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) (2018) Crops U.S. state and county databases. Washington DC https://www.nass.usda.gov/index.asp.
Wang F, Chen F, Cai Y, Zhang G,Wu F (2011) Modulation of exogenous glutathione in ultrastructure and photosynthetic performance against Cd stress in the two barley genotypes differing in Cd tolerance. Biol Trace Elem Res 144:1275-1288
Wirtz M, Droux M (2005) Synthesis of the sulfur amino acids: cysteine and methionine. Photosynthesis Res 86:345-62
Yamaguchi T, Blumwald E (2005) Developing salt-tolerant crop plants: challenges and opportunities. Trends Plant Sci 10:615-20
Yoshida K, Noguchi K (2009) Differential gene expression profiles of the mitochondrial respiratory components in illuminated Arabidopsis leaves. Plant Cell Physiol 50:1449-62
Yousuf PY, Ahmad A, Aref IM, Ozturk M, Ganie AH, Iqbal M (2016) Salt-stress-responsive chloroplast proteins in Brassica juncea genotypes with contrasting salt tolerance and their quantitative PCR analysis. Protoplasma 253:1565-75
Zhang M, Smith JAC, Harberd NP, Jiang C (2016) The regulatory roles of ethylene and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plant salt stress responses. Plant Mol Biol 91:651-659