Tunable Single-Atomic Charge/Spin States of Intercalant Co Ions in a Transition Metal Dichalcogenide

Intercalation raises manifold possibilities to manipulate the properties of two-dimensional (2D) materials 1 , and its impact on local electronic/magnetic properties has drawn much attention with the rise of nano-structured 2D materials 2,3 . Typically, changing an ionic state in a solid involves a dramatic local change of energy as well as orbital/spin magnetic moment from its ground state. However, the atomic investigation of the charging process of an intercalant ion in 2D material has never been explored while such subject has been studied in articially deposited atoms on thin insulating 2D layers using scanning probe microscopy 4–7 . Herein, we demonstrate an atomical manipulation of the charge and spin state of Co ions on a metallic NbS 2 , obtained by cleaving of Co-intercalated NbS 2 . Density functional theory investigation of various Co congurations reveals that the charging is possible due to a change in the crystal eld at the surface and a signicant coupling between NbS 2 and intercalants occurs via orbitals of the a 1g symmetry. The results can be generalized to numerous other combinations of intercalants and base matrixes, suggesting that intercalated transition metal dichalcogenides can be a new platform to introduce single-atom operation 2D electronics/spintronics.


Abstract
Intercalation raises manifold possibilities to manipulate the properties of two-dimensional (2D) materials 1 , and its impact on local electronic/magnetic properties has drawn much attention with the rise of nano-structured 2D materials 2,3 . Typically, changing an ionic state in a solid involves a dramatic local change of energy as well as orbital/spin magnetic moment from its ground state. However, the atomic investigation of the charging process of an intercalant ion in 2D material has never been explored while such subject has been studied in arti cially deposited atoms on thin insulating 2D layers using scanning probe microscopy [4][5][6][7] . Herein, we demonstrate an atomical manipulation of the charge and spin state of Co ions on a metallic NbS 2 , obtained by cleaving of Co-intercalated NbS 2 . Density functional theory investigation of various Co con gurations reveals that the charging is possible due to a change in the crystal eld at the surface and a signi cant coupling between NbS 2 and intercalants occurs via orbitals of the a 1g symmetry. The results can be generalized to numerous other combinations of intercalants and base matrixes, suggesting that intercalated transition metal dichalcogenides can be a new platform to introduce single-atom operation 2D electronics/spintronics.

Main Text
Intercalation has long been studied as a strategy to derive various properties from graphene 8 , and the examples span from the practical use of lithium intercalation in battery 9 to the non-trivial intercalationinduced superconductivity 10,11 . With the advent of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD) in 2D spintronics 12 as a bridging material between two principal components, i.e. graphene and hexagonal boron nitride, intercalation has been adopted in TMD as well to derive various emergent properties, such as generation of magnetic order with self-intercalation 13 , controlled doping 3 , recti cation of thermal conduction 14 , catalytic e ciency in hydrogen evolution reaction 15 , Z 3 Potts-nematic antiferromagnetism 16 , and electrically switchable magnetic order 17 . Despite the diverse combinations of intercalant and base matrix, TMDs intercalated with 3d transition metals are of particular interest due to their great tunability in various magnetic ground states such as ferromagnetic [18][19][20]  Moreover, remarkable properties such as anomalous hall effect 20,21,27 or spontaneous spin-polarized electric conduction 28 suggest potential discovery of non-trivial phenomena with atomic investigation of intercalants in 3d metal intercalated TMDs.
In this report, we show that a Co ion on a cleaved surface of intercalated Co 1/3 NbS 2 can exhibit a metastable charged state distinguished from other structural defect states. The metastable charged state can be controlled using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) probe, which resulted in manipulation of charge and spin states of Co ion. Although the process is similar to what have been reported in single electron charging of deposited atom on thin insulating lm 4 , the absence of insulating layer , which is the essential part of various charge manipulation experiments 4-7 , contrasts the fundamental difference of the process. The existence of van der Waals gap in the bulk structure seems involved in reducing coupling of the intercalated ion orbitals from the base matrix states even without any further insulating layer in between. We have performed density functional theory (DFT) calculations to understand the intriguing existence of the metastable charged state on the metallic substrate and revealed that the reduction of crystal eld on the surface and subsequent shift of localized a 1g orbital towards the Fermi level play a role in making the localized state accessible by the STM tip. The result demonstrates the smallest structure in which a single charged ion can exist on a metallic compound by adopting intercalation into 2D TMD material and can be a new pathway to incorporate electronic/magnetic control over various 2D materials. Co 1/3 NbS 2 is an intercalated version of metallic NbS 2 where the Co ions occupy one third of Nb atop sites within the van der Waals gap as in Fig. 1a. The intercalant position alternates between two columns along c axis which produces two thirds of Nb ions in Wyckoff 4f sites while one third of Nb sites remain 2a sites. As a result, Co ions form a triangular lattice within one van der Waals gap and they tend to remain on one surface when the crystal is cleaved at low temperature (see methods for details). For convenience, we will refer each layer from the cleaved surface towards bulk with numbers as indicated in  We should pay additional attention to one feature in STM images, shown in Fig. 1g, which deserves a special consideration. First, it does not t to any structural model and more importantly it is metastable and degrades with time (see below). It is clearly distinguished from other defects in the extent of vertical/lateral expansion as indicated in Fig. 1h (red solid circle: metastable state, Fig. S13 in SI). We explored the origin of these metastable states by means of DFT+U+(SOC) calculations, which also provide other important information. E.g. they show that the electronic structure of Co in layers 1 (i.e. at surface) and 5 (internal layer) is very different (Fig. 2a). The latter has 2+ (3d 7 ) high-spin state with S=3/2 ( Fig. 2d) similar to the reported Co valency of 2+ in the bulk measurement 29 . It is in contrast to what we have at the surface. Detailed analysis of occupation matrix unambiguously demonstrates that Co in layer 1 is 1+ (3d 8 , S=1) with additional electron at the a 1g orbital (Fig. 2e) and its local magnetic moment is 1.93 . This is due to the speci c surface termination where only three of S ions remain out of initial CoS 6 octahedron. As a result the t 2g -e g crystal-eld splitting for surface Co practically vanishes: projecting DFT Hamiltonian onto the Co 3d Wannier-functions 30 we nd that it reduces from ~1.2 eV in bulk down tõ 0.3 eV for Co at the surface. The reduction stimulates occupation of the Co a 1g states and leads to redistribution of electrons at the surface, so that these Co turn out to be closer to 1+ oxidation state.
Importantly the hybridization between Nb 3z 2 -r 2 and Co a 1g orbitals (directed to each other as in Fig. 2b) pins the latter at the Fermi level and makes it accessible for STM.
Moreover, while surface Co ions are 1+ in the ground state, the Co 2+ high-spin con guration is also locally stable, and it is rather close in energy. The total energy of such metastable state is only 130 meV/Co higher than the ground state. Other possible metastable con gurations are low-spin (S=0) Co 1+ and (S=1/2) Co 2+ states; however, analysis of calculations shows that such states are locally unstable (stable only at corresponding constraints) and energetically much higher than the ground state. The instability of these con gurations can be naturally explained by a large intra-atomic Hund's exchange for Co (J H~1 eV 31 ) and non-zero exchange eld due to Co ions in deeper layers.
It is important that the metastable state of surface Co with the different charge and magnetic state is not only locally stable, but also in the energy range accessible for its switching by STM. To check this hypothesis, we used a STM tip with a combination of various tip heights and biases to induce the metastable surface Co 2+ state. Fig. 3a illustrates the optimal charging procedure that could successfully induce the metastable charged state. After locating the tip on top of the target Co ion, the tip height is lowered by changing setpoint current to 100 pA which is higher than the normal imaging condition, 10 pA at 5 mV. It is followed by a bias voltage pulse to the tip which is kept at 150 mV for 300 ms indicated by the red stars in Fig. 3a.
We could con rm creation of the metastable charged state by subsequent tunneling current change as well as from STM images showing created Co 2+ ions having the same height pro le with the naturally found ones. Fig. 3b-g show a series of STM images taken on an area while we apply pulses in between. The points marked with red stars in each image were applied a voltage pulse immediately right after, and then the targeted Co ion becomes a metastable charged Co 2+ showing bright protrusion in the next image. For example, we applied the pulse to the red starred point in Fig. 3b right after the image, then the following Fig. 3c shows a bright metastable charged state at the position. Similarly, we used two pulses after Fig. 3c that resulted in producing the two bright Co ions in Fig. 3d, and so on. One interesting point is that the rst charged Co has returned to the ground state between Fig. 3e and f (black dashed circle), but the point was charged again by applying another pulse after Fig. 3f, which demonstrates its bistable nature.
To estimate the overall lifetime of the charged state, we have performed a charging experiment on a massive number of Co sites, and it was estimated to be 43 min (SI section 3.1). The measured lifetime is very unusual compared to Au charging on NaCl/Cu 32 that requires two or more insulating layers to obtain an hour-long lifetime, or donor state in a semiconductor that exists only under tip induced band (i.e., zero lifetime) 33 . The discovery of the intriguing role of van der Waals gap in inducing orbital separation between intercalant and metallic base can be of particular importance in this study. Besides that, we were able to see that the lifetime of the charged state varies a lot by its environment, and the extreme case is when the charged state is in the vicinity of Co vacancies where they show frequent changes within a single frame of STM image as shown in red dashed circles in Fig. 1h. It implies that an even longer-lived charged state can be obtained by controlling the number of structural defects in the crystal. The result opens the possibility of switching the Co d 7 -d 8 states 34 with unprecedented lifetime on a conducting substrate.
Another unique aspect of the charging process is that we could induce the change in both of bias polarities as shown schematically in Fig. 4a. When the sample bias is positive, a single electron hopping happens from the Co ion to the sample as the direction of tunneling electrons. On the other hand, when the sample bias is negative, the direction of tunneling current is reversed and likewise the single electron hopping occurs towards the tip. However, the change of Co is always from Co 1+ to Co 2+ by losing one electron. It is in contrast with the case of single atom on insulating NaCl layer 4,35 which shows suppressed electron hopping towards the sample by the presence of insulating layer and gets an electron only from tip. Thus, the bi-polarity nature of the process is another illustration of the fact that the localized Co 3d electrons at surface are coupled somewhat with the rest of metallic sample. In order to compare the electron hopping probability towards tip and sample, we compared the time to generate a charged Co 2+ in both polarities. (SI Table S1) The estimated numbers of tunneling electrons to provoke charged state are measured to be and electrons for the tunneling towards tip and sample, respectively (at normalized tunneling current of 300 pA with sample biases of ±200 mV). Considering that the hopping rate towards the tip can be tuned by adjusting the vacuum gap, those comparable rates imply the possibility of ne tuning between electron hopping towards tip and sample.
Lastly, we demonstrate formation of a linear chain of S=3/2 Co 2+ ions through Fig. 4b-g. Fig. 4g shows the nal result of eight consecutive S=3/2 Co 2+ chain and interestingly the charging pulses were applied twice for the rst and seventh Co ions as they have changed back to the ground state during the process.
In principle, the procedure can be adopted to arrange S=3/2 Co 2+ ions of any desired shape in background S=1/2 Co 1+ lattice unless the system has low enough defect density. As the procedure can arrange ions with different magnetic moment freely, a cleaved surface of Co 1/3 NbS 2 can be an interesting playground to study the interactions among various arrangements of ions with different magnetic moments.
In summary, we have shown that one can atomically tune the charge and spin state of intercalant Co ions from a cleaved surface of Co 1/3 NbS 2 by STM. It is possible because of the reduced t 2g -e g crystal-eld splitting of surface Co as well as the decoupled nature of the intercalant orbitals from its matrix. The metastable Co 2+ high-spin state turns out to be long-lived and transforms to ground state up to a time scale of ~ 43 minutes, which is extraordinarily long for an ion placed on a metallic substrate. In contrast to the previously reported single atom-type charging processes a whole lattice of switchable Co ions is available in the case of Co 1/3 NbS 2 and its combination with metallic internal layers can be potentially useful for spintronics. Finally, Co 1/3 NbS 2 is just one example of a large family of intercalated TMDs, which can have a different intercalated transition metal, varying degree of intercalation, or a choice of intercalation host, with a potentially similar atomic tunability with different combinations of spin and charge states.

Crystal growth
Single crystalline Co 1/3 NbS 2 samples were synthesized by chemical vapor transport method using iodine transport agent. Co rich molar ratio of Co:Nb:S=7:10:20 was used to tune the nal composition to Co 1/3 NbS 2 characterized by energy dispersive x-ray analysis. The 0.2 g of mixture together with 0.1 g of iodine were sealed in a quartz tube under vacuum and placed in a two-zone furnace. The set point temperatures of the two zones were 800 C and 950 C, which were kept for 4 weeks. Hexagonal shaped single crystals were collected after cooling the furnace to room temperature.
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Various Structural Defects and Metastable Charged State from Cleaved Co1/3NbS2. a. Atomic structure of cleaved Co1/3NbS2. Change of Electron Density of States in the Metastable Charged Co2+ State. a. The total (top) and projected (bottom) electron density of states as obtained in DFT+U calculations. The positive and negative sign indicates projection to two opposite spin directions which reveals the non-compensated magnetic moment of Co. Nb 4d and S 3p states dominate the electron density near the Fermi level and are hybirized while Co a1g orbital band shows suppressed density of states. In the metastable charged state (Co2+ in layer 1), Co a1g orbital gets partially lled in and moves towards the Fermi energy. b. Electron density corresponding to the a1g-orbitals. c. Schematic showing the local magnetic moment of each Co con guration. d-f. Crystal eld splitting diagrams of Co con gurations. The (layer 1) surface con gurations have reduced gap (egσ-t2g) from layer 5. The black circled electron states indicate the changing electron responsible for the formation of metastable charged state.  Formation of a S=3/2 Co2+ Linear Chain. a. Comparison of electron hopping direction in applying opposite bias polarity. An electron is moved from the target Co to the tip in the case of negative sample bias, and vice versa. The numbers of electrons to induce charging at a certain tunneling resistance (300