Indoor cycling training in rehabilitation of patients after myocardial infarction

Standard endurance training used from the second stage of cardiac rehabilitation has many common features with indoor cycling training which is used in fitness clubs. In the study, an attempt was made to evaluate the usefulness of this form of training in a 24-day rehabilitation program for patients after myocardial infarction. The study examined a group of 64 patients (51.34 ± 8.02 years) who were divided into two groups: the IC group (32 patients aged 53.40 ± 4.31 years) with indoor cycling training instead of standard endurance training; and the ST group (32 patients aged 55.31 ± 6.45 years) performing standard training. The level of exercise tolerance (cardiopulmonary exercise testing on a treadmill—Bruce’s protocol), hemodynamic indicators of the left ventricle (echocardiography) and blood lipid profile (laboratory test) were assessed. In the IC group there was a significant increase in the test duration (9.21 ± 2.02 vs 11.24 ± 1.26 min; p < 0.001), the MET value (9.16 ± 1.30 vs 10.73 ± 1.23; p = 0.006) and VO2max (37.27 ± 3.23 vs 39.10 ± 3.17 ml/kg/min; p < 0.001). Parallel changes were observed in the ST group, where the following parameters improved: the test duration (9.41 ± 0.39 vs 10.91 ± 2.22; p < 0.001), MET value (8.65 ± 0.25 vs 9.86 ± 1.12; p = 0.002) and VO2max (36.89 ± 6.22 vs 38.76 ± 3.44; p < 0.001). No statistically significant changes were found in the hemodynamic indices of the left ventricle and the lipid profile. Also, the intergroup analysis did not show any statistical significance. Based on the research results, it was found that indoor cycling training in the second phase of cardiac rehabilitation is a safe form of therapy and therefore may be an interesting alternative method to the classic bicycle ergometer exercise in the stage of early cardiac rehabilitation.


Introduction
Traditional physical training, in line with the existing standards of management, which begins in the second stage of cardiac rehabilitation, is well known and described [1][2][3]. Few publications deal with the issue of the effectiveness of innovative forms of training in patients with diseases of the cardiovascular system [4][5][6]. The ever younger age of cardiac patients, the progress of diagnostics and the development of interventional and surgical treatment methods require the gradual introduction of various forms of physical training. Adapting the rehabilitation programs to the possessed skills based on previous experience in the field of activity is becoming a key solution in the selection of training programs in modern cardiac rehabilitation. One such form is indoor cycling [7][8][9]. It is a form of aerobic interval training similar to the traditional training recommended in the second stage of rehabilitation, but with a slightly different course. Participants are not divided into beginners and advanced, because each person during the course of classes can modify loads or positions according to their own abilities [10,11]. The training imitates cycling in two basic types of terrain-flat and hilly. Riding can take place with and without contact of the arms with the steering wheel, in a sitting and standing position. It is already possible to change the position of the hands (1. Close, 2. Open, 3.Standing), allowing a variety of rehabilitation activities. The techniques used in indoor cycling reflect road cycling or in professional cycling sports and are divided into: seated flat (SF) cadence 80-120 rpm, seated climb (SC) cadence 60-80 rpm, standing flat (StF) cadence 80-120 rpm, standing climbing (StC) cadence 60-80 rpm), combo (Co) cadence 60-80-120 rpm, sprint flat (SpF) and sprint climb (SpC) cadence, maximum 100-110 rpm. The presented diversity of solutions used during exercise on a bicycle creates the possibility of conducting frequently changing classes in terms of exercise technique. An additional attraction of such training is the use of music, which makes it possible to determine the intensity of the traveled section, as well as its profile. The most frequently used music genres for classes are pop, techno, hip-hop, disco, and reggae.
Scientific reports confirm the effective impact of indoor cycling training on cardiovascular and respiratory efficiency, reduction of adipose tissue and the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases in people without cardiovascular diseases [12][13][14][15][16][17]. The research conducted so far indicates the validity of undertaking research aimed at assessing the use of indoor cycling training as an alternative form to traditional endurance training in the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases.
Due to the lack of reports on the possibilities of using indoor cycling training in cardiac rehabilitation programs, an experiment was conducted to determine the effect of such training on the level of exercise tolerance and hemodynamic indices of the left ventricle in patients after a heart attack.
The following research questions were formulated:

Participants
The study included 64 men (51.34 ± 8.02 years), after myocardial infarction, who underwent percutaneous coronary angioplasty. The tests were performed during the second stage of rehabilitation. All participants of the experiment were qualified for model A (exercise test result ≥ 7 MET or 100 W). Reducing the number of confounding factors, such as age, sex, disease entity, treatment method, and level of exercise tolerance, patients included in the study were randomized to two rehabilitation procedures: • standard rehabilitation (group ST)-32 people • indoor cycling training (group IC)-32 people Inclusion criteria consent to participate in the study, documented stable ischemic heart disease or an uncomplicated course of myocardial infarction, time from the last cardiovascular event < 2 months, stress test result ≥ 7 MET/100 W, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≥ 50%. Exclusion criteria: refusal to participate in the study, recent myocardial infarction, LVEF < 50%, coronary artery bypass surgery, unregulated hypertension, unstable coronary artery disease, arrhythmias and conduction disturbances, established cancer, diseases of the central or peripheral nervous system, varicose veins of the lower limbs, osteoarthritis of the peripheral joints and the spine, unhealed injuries of the lower limbs, advanced peripheral arteriosclerosis, age ≥ 75 and incomplete medical documentation.

Experimental procedure
Both the standard group and the IC group were subjected to a 24-day improvement program, which included 22 training units (2 days for initial and final tests) performed 5 times a week following ESC standards (a detailed training program is presented in Table 1. Throughout the entire research procedure, the patients were supervised by medical personnel consisting of a physiotherapist and a cardiologist. The intensity of the exercise varied on the basis of the calculated training heart rate, starting from 60% of the heart rate reserve, increasing by 10% after 5 training units, up to 80% of the heart rate reserve, up to a maximum of 15 according to the Borg scale. Endurance training on a bicycle ergometer (Kettler Ergometer X1) began with a 3-min ride without load (0 W), followed by 5 cycles-a 3-min load phase and a 2-min rest phase, a total of 25 min of riding. The training session ended with 2 min of cycling without load. The training on a bicycle ergometer lasted a total of 30 min. After each training unit, stretching of the muscle groups involved during the ride was performed (5 min). People from the IC group performed indoor cycling training (Tomahawk I.C.E. Indoor Cycling) instead of the traditional interval training. The training ride lasted 30 min in total and started with a 5-min warm-up with no load, in the rhythm of 100-110 RPM. The main part included cycling to the rhythm of changing music, including sitting and standing positions, and lasted 22.5 min (60-110 RPM). The main part was followed by a 2.5-min cool down with a gradually decreasing load. The cycling cadence (RPM) was determined by the rhythm beats (BPM) present in each piece, being an important motivating instrument; moreover, the cadence of the rotation was signaled by the instructor. The unit ended with 5 min of stretching of the muscle groups-the muscles of the chest, back, quadriceps and biceps muscles of the thigh, as well as the buttocks, forearms and arms. The stretching was performed on mats placed on the dance floor. Details of the training protocol are presented in Table 2. Patients from the experimental group also participated in the other two forms of training (resistance and general improvement), as did the control group ( Table 1).
Before, during and immediately after each training session, heart rate (Polar, FT1) and blood pressure (SOHO, 110 HS-50A) measurements were made, as well as the degree of perception of effort according to the 20-point Borg scale. The intensity of the exercise varied on the basis of the calculated training heart rate, starting from 60% of the heart rate reserve, increasing by 10% after 5 training units, up to 80% of the heart rate reserve, up to a maximum of 15 according to the Borg scale.
The following was carried out before commencing the training program and immediately after its completion:  [18]. The following were measured: test duration (min), distance covered (m), energy cost (MET), heart rate at rest and maximum (BPM), systemic blood pressure at rest and maximum (mmHg), criteria for ending the test (physiological: submaximum heart rate, i.e., 85% of HRmax determined on the basis of the following formula 208-0.7x age or fatigue; pathological: stenocardial pain, ST segment, and T-wave changes, rhythm and/or conduction disorders, blood pressure increase above 250/120 mmHg), VO 2 max. • Blood lipid test profile. Measured parameters: total cholesterol-TC (mg/dL), high-density lipoproteins-HDL (mg/dL), low-density lipoproteins-LDL (mg/dL), triglycerides-TG (mg/dL) [18]

Data analysis
The Shapiro-Wilk normality test and the Brown-Forsythe variance homogeneity test were used to verify the assumptions of parametric tests. The parametric Student's t test was also performed for dependent variables whose distribution conformed to a normal distribution, and a nonparametric Wilcoxon paired order test was performed for dependent variables whose distribution did not conform to a normal distribution. Student's t-test was also performed for independent variables whose distribution conformed to a normal distribution, and its nonparametric equivalent. The Mann-Whitney U-test was performed for independent variables whose distribution did not conform to a normal distribution. Statistica 12 (StatSoft, Kraków, Poland) software was used in the study. The assumed level of significance was p _ 0.05.

Results
The characteristics of the subject are presented in the Tables 3, 4 and 5.
Ischemic disease and myocardial infarction were dominant in both groups ( Table 6).
Implantation of 1 stent was predominant in all groups. Table 7 shows the results for the two test groups of the treadmill exercise test as per the classical Bruce protocol. In both analyzed groups, after the completion of the rehabilitation programs, a statistically significant increase in test duration, energy cost (MET) and VO 2 max was demonstrated in relation to the baseline test.
The results of the echocardiographic examination are presented in Table 8. In both studied groups, improvement in the analyzed hemodynamic parameters of the left ventricle, however, were not statistically significant. There was also no significant difference in intergroup comparisons.
The analysis of changes in the lipid profile (Table 9) showed a favorable direction of changes in the values of all assessed indicators. However, these changes did not show statistically significant features.

Discussion
There are a small number of publications on the impact of alternative forms of endurance training used in the second stage of rehabilitation on the level of exercise tolerance, hemodynamic parameters of the left ventricle, or the lipid profile of patients after a myocardial infarction [4,6].
Never before has such an assessment been made of indoor cycling training.
Until now, this form was available and associated only with the population of healthy people who attended classes in fitness clubs. It has many features in common with traditional endurance training that has been used for years in a cardiac rehabilitation program. These include: the interval training form, HR-controlled work intensity, the ability to control and dose external resistance, individual or group training form, constant monitoring of vital signs (HR, SpO 2 , blood pressure, Bf ), low risk of injury. What makes it stand out is primarily the way it is run. It is possible to ride sitting and standing, as well as to adjust the height of the saddle and handlebars     13:151 and the distance between the saddle and the handlebars, which makes it an ideal training device for people regardless of their constitutional body build [7][8][9]. The results obtained after the end of the cardiac rehabilitation program, in which indoor cycling was used, showed that it is a safe, effective and well-tolerated form of endurance exercise, which can be recommended in the process of comprehensive rehabilitation of patients after a heart attack.

Electrocardiographic exercise test
The results obtained after 24 days of implementation of the rehabilitation program showed a significant improvement in physical capacity compared to the results obtained before its commencement. In both analyzed groups, i.e. the IC group and the ST group, a significant increase in test duration was obtained (respectively: 9.21 ± 2.02 vs 11.24 ± 1.26 min; p < 0.001 and 9.41 ± 0.39 vs 10.91 ± 2.22 min; p < 0.001). The extension of its duration is an effect that confirms the high effectiveness of the applied rehabilitation models and proves the expected increase in exercise tolerance. Another indicator showing the improvement of the physical capacity of patients, which significantly improved in both studied groups, is metabolic equivalents (MET) (IC group-9.16 ± 1.30 vs 10.73 ± 1.23, p = 0.006; ST group-8.65 ± 0.25 vs 9.86 ± 1.12; p = 0.002).
The myocardial oxygen demand depends on the heart rate, the tension of the left ventricular wall and the contractility of the heart muscle. According to Myers et al. [19] peak exercise capacity measured in MET is the strongest prognostic factor for the risk of death both among healthy people and those with cardiovascular diseases, including those after myocardial infarction. A favorable increase in the value of MET after the Table 7 Results of the treadmill exercise test in three groups of patients before (I) and at the end (II) of cardiac rehabilitation All data are presented as means ± standard deviation and the difference (Δ -delta) MET metabolic equivalent, HRrest resting heart rate, HRmax maximum heart rate, DBPmax maximum diastolic blood pressure, DBPrest resting diastolic blood pressure, SBPmax maximum systolic blood pressure, SBPrest resting systolic blood pressure, VO 2 max maximal oxygen uptake completion of the second stage cardiac rehabilitation program was also observed in the retrospective analysis of the results of 10,671 patients, regardless of their initial level of exercise tolerance [20]. A similar effect associated with the increase in MET was observed in the evaluation of the effects of hybrid rehabilitation of 125 patients with heart failure [21]. The increase in MET energy expenditure at a similar level was also demonstrated in the studies by Nowak et al. [4] and Grabara et al. [6], who also assessed the effectiveness of alternative training methods in cardiac rehabilitation of patients after myocardial infarction. Maximum oxygen uptake (VO 2 max), also referred to as the body's aerobic capacity, is a real measure of exercise tolerance and, at the same time, an indicator of the cardiovascular system efficiency [4]. It provides objective information about the clinical condition and factors limiting the possibilities of a cardiac patient [22]. A maximum oxygen intake of 10 mL/kg/ min represents severe heart failure. The minimum level of physical activity assessed via VO 2 max is 40 mL/kg/ min. For a person with a sedentary lifestyle, VO 2 max is approximately 30 ml/kg/min. The results of our research showed an increase (about 8%) in the VO 2 max value in both groups (IC group 37.27 ± 3.23 vs 39.10 ± 3.17 ml/kg/ min; p < 0.001, ST group: 36.89 ± 6.22 vs 38.76 ± 3.44 ml/ kg/min; p < 0.001). Endurance training increases oxygen uptake. It is the result of an increased capillary arteriovenous difference and an increase in cardiac output [23].
In the group of healthy people, the increase in VO 2 max by 8-15% is the result of properly planned training. The similar increase achieved in our research proves that a properly planned rehabilitation program carried out in a continuous and systematic manner significantly improved the level of physical fitness of patients. This is also confirmed in the research by other authors [24][25][26][27].
The intergroup analysis did not show any statistically significant differences in the results of the research in terms of individual indicators.

Echocardiographic test
The result of myocardial infarction is impairment of the mechanical function of the myocardium and progressive structural changes in the myocardium (called remodeling), which affect all parts of the cardiovascular system equally [28]. Altered hemodynamic conditions (for instance reduction of left ventricular stroke volume-LVSV, enhancement of LVEDV) and increased activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and catecholamines consistently contribute to impaired diastolic function of the heart, thus affecting the systolic function with a reduction in LVEF in total. First of all, the activity of aldosterone leads to the replacement of contractile muscle tissue with an excess of connective tissue with a  predominance of collagen, which initially is an adaptive response, and later may take the form of pathological heart failure [29]. In addition to stimulating the reninangiotensin-aldosterone system, diabetes mellitus, anterior infarction and its extensive early spread, and persistent occlusion of the intra-infarct artery exacerbate adverse myocardial remodeling. Reconstruction, and, more specifically, enlargement of the left ventricle silhouette may be a significant prognostic factor; therefore the assessment of its dimensions and functions should be routinely performed in most cardiological diseases.
The study assessed the indicators of the left ventricle of the heart muscle. There were statistically insignificant increases in mean values of LVEDD, LVESD, LVESV, LVEDV, LVEF, LVMI, LVMI and a slight decrease in LVSV in both rehabilitated groups, which indicates a positive rehabilitation effect. It should be emphasized, however, that it is still ambiguous to determine the impact of physical activity (primarily of the endurance type) on the post-infarction structure and functions of the left ventricle [30]. The causes of this problem may include differences in the methodology of research carried out by different authors. The differences in the obtained results may be influenced by factors such as selection of the population, the extent of myocardial infarction, the age of the respondents, the period covered by the observation, measurement techniques and a combination of any of the above-mentioned factors. Similar conclusions were reached by Gates et al. [31], Belardinelli et al. [32] and Nowak et al. [33]. With the exception of the ejection fraction of the left ventricle, they did not observe any significant changes in the diastolic function of the left ventricle under the influence of training, even in relation to physically more or less active patients.
In conclusion, the influence of physical training on the heart has not been clearly explained. Most studies, including ours, failed to demonstrate a significant effect of physical training on the morphological and functional parameters of the left ventricle, or it was found that physical activity only slightly improved them. As in the case of the exercise test, the intergroup analysis showed no statistically significant differences.

Examination of the lipid profile
Increased levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides are factors in the formation of atherosclerotic lesions in the coronary, cerebral and peripheral vessels. Their concentrations in blood serum are determined heredity, but a significant role in lowering the levels is attributed to lifestyle elements (environmental factors), such as a proper diet and systematic physical activity [34,35]. Scientific reports confirm the beneficial effect of physical activity on the lipid profile, although it concerns longer observations, e.g. 6 months [32,33]. In the case of observations that cover a short period of time, the changes are not statistically significant, which was also the case in our own research. It is also difficult to say whether the reason for the changes observed is the rehabilitation program or the effect of statins. Comparing the results of the tests before and after the start of rehabilitation, the level of the analyzed lipids in both cases was within the normal range, which may be even more indicative of the earlier undertaking of pharmacological treatment.

Limitation
A limitation of the study was the inclusion of only a single group of patients with a high level of physical capacity ≥ 7 MET or ≥ 100 W. However, the results, which confirmed the effectiveness of indoor cycling training included in the cardiac rehabilitation program of patients after myocardial infarction, certainly warrant additional studies in this field, which will assess patient groups with lower physical capacity than those included in our study. A second limitation is the inclusion of the male study participants only. This was a select group of patients (see exclusion criteria) and may not be representative of a general cardiac rehabilitation population. Studies involving a large group of participants of both sexes with various levels of physical capacity and clinical status are needed.
In the future, research should also be undertaken to determine which of the indoor cycling techniques and profile is the most appropriate for cardiac patients.

Practical recommendation
Indoor cycling training is a form of training that has many features in common with traditional endurance training used in cardiac rehabilitation. The obtained results also showed similarity in terms of changes in exercise tolerance, left ventricular hemodynamics and lipid profile. Therefore, it may be a more interesting and attractive alternative to traditional endurance training in patients after a heart attack.

Both indoor cycling training and standard training
have a similar effect on the improvement of exercise tolerance, change of hemodynamic indicators of the left ventricle and the lipid profile in patients after a heart attack. 2. Indoor cycling training can be an alternative to standard endurance training in cardiac rehabilitation.