Population characteristics
Table 1 shows the characteristics of the study population. Overall, 854 respondents participated in the study - 50% (n=427) from Mutukula and 50% (n=427) from Malaba. Nearly half of the respondents (46%, n=391) were aged 35 years or older while 58.8% (n=502) were males. Twenty-two per cent (n=191) of the respondents were Point of Entry Customs staff while the rest of the respondents were spread across market vendors, highway traders, truck drivers (14.3-14.9%). Approximately 17% of the respondents belonged to the ‘other category’ comprising cargo handlers, truck mechanics, security guards, cargo off-loaders, and foreign exchange workers, among others. The majority of respondents had primary or secondary education as their highest level of education (80.3%, n=685), 57.6% (n=492) were currently married, 64.7% (n=553) ascribed to the Anglican or Catholic religion; 51.4% (n=439) were self-employed, while 80% (n=681) were low-income earners (with an average monthly income of US$131 or less).
Table 1. Characteristics of the study population
Characteristic
|
Malaba
(n=427, %)
|
Mutukula
(n=427, %)
|
Total
(N=854, %)
|
Age-group (years)
18-24
25-34
35-44
45+
|
38 (8.9)
143 (33.5)
129 (30.2)
117 (27.4)
|
128 (30.0)
154 (36.1)
89 (20.8)
56 (27.6)
|
166 (19.4)
297 (34.8)
218 (25.5)
173 (20.3)
|
Sex
Male
Female
|
229 (53.6)
198 (46.4)
|
273 (63.9)
154 (36.1)
|
502 (58.8)
352 (41.2)
|
Category of respondent
Market vendor
Local business traders
Sex worker
Truck driver
POE worker
Health worker
Other categorya
|
87 (20.4)
75 (17.6)
73 (17.1)
80 (18.7)
74 (17.3)
31 (7.3)
7 (1.6)
|
39 (9.1)
52 (12.2)
20 (4.7)
42 (9.8)
117 (27.4)
22 (5.2)
135 (31.6)
|
126 (14.7)
127 (14.9)
93 (10.9)
122 (14.3)
191 (22.4)
53 (6.2)
142 (16.6)
|
Highest level of education
No formal education
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
|
9 (2.1)
198 (46.4)
160 (37.5)
60 (14.1)
|
22 (5.2)
156 (36.5)
171 (40.1)
78 (18.3)
|
31 (3.6)
354 (41.5)
331 (38.8)
138 (16.2)
|
Marital status
Single
Married
Separated/divorced/widowed
|
66 (15.5)
271 (63.4)
90 (21.1)
|
178 (41.7)
221 (51.7)
28 (6.6)
|
244 (28.6)
492 (57.6)
118 (13.8)
|
Religion
Anglican
Catholic
Moslem
Seventh Day Adventist
Pentecostal
|
104 (24.4)
156 (36.5)
98 (23.0)
6 (1.4)
63 (14.8)
|
75 (17.6)
218 (51.1)
86 (20.1)
9 (2.1)
39 (9.1)
|
179 (20.9)
374 (43.8)
184 (21.6)
15 (1.8)
102 (11.9)
|
Employment status
Unemployed
Employed
Self-employed
|
3 (0.7)
190 (44.5)
234 (54.8)
|
10 (2.3)
212 (49.7)
205 (48.0)
|
13 (1.5)
402 (47.1)
439 (51.4)
|
Average income per month (USD)
<=131
131-394
>394
|
344 (80.6)
70 (16.4)
13 (3.0)
|
337 (78.9)
68 (15.9)
22 (5.2)
|
681 (79.7)
138 (16.2)
35 (4.1)
|
aThis category included cargo handlers, cargo off-loaders, cleaners, truck mechanics, forex worker, boda-boda cyclists, bar attendants, businessmen, hawkers, bar waitresses, salon attendants, security guards, tailors, hotel managers, and housewives.
Perceptions about the COVID-19 vaccine
Table 2 shows the respondents’ perceptions about the COVID-19 vaccine, overall and across study sites. In response to a series of statements about the COVID-19 vaccine, 81.0% (n=692) agreed with the statement, “COVID-19 vaccine is effective against COVID-19”, 74.1% (n=633) agreed with the statement, “COVID-19 vaccine prevents one from getting severe disease”, 51.9% (n=443) agreed with the statement, “COVID-19 vaccine has side effects”, while 49.3% (n=421) agreed with the statement, “People vaccinated against COVID-19 will not contract the coronavirus”. Despite the high level of agreement with most of these statements, we noted some differences between sites. For instance, the proportion of respondents agreeing with the statement, “COVID-19 vaccine is effective against COVID-19” was higher in Malaba than in Mutukula (86.2%, n=368 vs. 75.9% n=324, respectively). Conversely, a higher proportion of respondents in Mutukula believed that the COVID-19 vaccine prevents one from getting severe disease than those in Malaba (78.2%, n=334 vs. 70%, n=229, respectively).
Table 2. Perceptions about the COVID-19 vaccine among high-risk populations at two land border points of entry into Uganda
Perceptions
|
Total
(N=854, %)
|
Malaba
(n=427, %)
|
Mutukula
(n=427, %)
|
Pearson’s Chi square p-value
|
COVID-19 vaccine is effective against corona virus disease
No
Yes
Don’t know
|
58 (6.8)
692 (81.0)
104 (12.2)
|
32 (7.5)
368 (86.2)
27 (6.3)
|
26 (6.1)
324 (75.9)
77 (18.0)
|
<0.001
|
People vaccinated against COVID-19 will not contract the corona virus
Agree
Disagree
Neutral
|
421 (49.3)
301 (35.2)
132 (15.4)
|
193 (45.2)
169 (39.6)
65 (15.2)
|
228 (53.4)
132 (30.9)
67 (15.7)
|
0.024
|
COVID-19 vaccine has side effects
No
Yes
Don’t know
|
314 (36.8)
443 (51.9)
97 (11.3)
|
183 (42.9)
204 (47.8)
40 (9.4)
|
131 (30.7)
239 (55.9)
57 (13.4)
|
0.001
|
COVID-19 vaccine prevents one from getting severe disease
No
Yes
Don’t know
|
102 (11.9)
633 (74.1)
119 (13.9)
|
73 (17.1)
299 (70.0)
55 (12.9)
|
29 (6.8)
334 (78.2)
64 (15.0)
|
<0.001
|
Uptake of the COVID-19 vaccine
Table 3 shows the uptake of the COVID-19 vaccine at Malaba and Mutukula land border points of entry, overall and across the different background characteristics. Overall, 80.3% (n=686) of the respondents reported that they received at least one vaccine dose, with a higher proportion in Malaba (94.4%, n=403) than in Mutukula (66.3%, n=283). When asked what type of vaccine they received, the majority respondents in Malaba (75.9%, n=306) and 41.0% (n=116) in Malaba reported that they received AstraZeneca and Johnson and Johnson. Nearly half of the respondents in Mutukula (47.4%, n=134) did not know which type of vaccine they received compared to 12.4% (n=50) of those in Malaba. Of those who received at least one vaccine dose, 59.6% (n=409) reported that they received a complete dose of vaccination, with a higher proportion in Mutukula (68.9% (n=195) than in Malaba (53.1%, n=214). However, none of those who received a complete dose of vaccination reported receiving a booster dose at either study site.
Table 3. Uptake of COVID-19 vaccine uptake among high-risk populations at two border points of entry into Uganda
Characteristic
|
Total
|
Malaba
|
Mutukula
|
N
|
n (%)
|
N
|
n (%)
|
N
|
n (%)
|
All
|
854
|
686 (80.3)
|
427
|
403 (94.4)
|
427
|
283 (66.3)
|
Age-group (years)
18-24
25-34
35-44
45+
|
166
297
218
173
|
110 (66.3)
230 (77.4)
185 (84.9)
161 (93.1)
|
38
143
129
117
|
30 (79.0)
133 (93.0)
125 (96.9)
115 (98.3)
|
128
154
89
56
|
80 (62.5)
97 (63.0)
60 (67.4)
46 (82.1)
|
Sex
Male
Female
|
502
352
|
397 (79.1)
289 (82.1)
|
229
198
|
221 (96.5)
182 (91.9)
|
273
154
|
176 (64.5)
107 (69.5)
|
Category of respondent
Market vendor
Local business traders
Sex worker
Truck driver
POE worker
Health worker
Other category
|
126
127
93
122
191
53
142
|
104 (82.5)
102 (80.3)
80 (86.0)
111 (90.9)
150 (78.5)
49 (92.5)
90 (63.4)
|
87
75
73
80
74
31
7
|
83 (95.4)
69 (92.0)
68 (93.2)
77 (96.3)
71 (96.0)
30 (96.8)
5 (71.4)
|
39
52
20
42
117
22
135
|
21 (53.9)
33 (63.5)
12 (60.0)
34 (81.0)
79 (67.5)
19 (86.4)
85 (63.0)
|
Highest level of education
No formal education
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
|
31
354
331
138
|
21 (67.7)
291 (82.2)
265 (80.1)
109 (78.9)
|
9
198
160
60
|
8 (88.9)
192 (97.0)
150 (93.8)
53 (88.3)
|
22
156
171
78
|
13 (59.1)
99 (63.5)
115 (67.3)
56 (71.8)
|
Marital status
Single
Married
Separated/divorced/Widowed
|
244
492
118
|
168 (68.9)
415 (84.4)
103 (87.3)
|
66
271
90
|
59 (89.4)
257 (94.8)
87 (96.7)
|
178
221
28
|
109 (61.2)
158 (71.5)
16 (57.1)
|
Religion
Anglican
Catholic
Moslem
Seventh-Day Adventist
Pentecostal
|
179
374
184
15
102
|
157 (87.7)
278 (74.3)
156 (84.8)
12 (80.0)
83 (81.4)
|
104
156
98
6
63
|
97 (93.3)
146 (93.6)
95 (96.9)
6 (100.0)
59 (93.7)
|
75
218
86
9
39
|
60 (80.0)
132 (60.6)
61 (70.9)
6 (66.7)
24 (61.5)
|
Employment status
Unemployed
Employed
Self-employed
|
13
402
439
|
9 (69.2)
332 (82.6)
345 (78.6)
|
3
190
234
|
2 (66.7)
181 (95.3)
220 (94.0)
|
10
212
205
|
7 (70.0)
151 (71.2)
125 (60.9)
|
Average income per month (USD)
<=131
131-394
>394
|
681
138
35
|
537 (78.8)
115 (83.3)
34 (97.1)
|
344
70
13
|
323 (93.9)
67 (95.7)
13 (100.0)
|
337
68
22
|
214 (63.5)
48 (70.6)
21 (95.5)
|
Uptake of at least one vaccine dose increased with increasing age, from 66.3% (n=110) among those aged 18-24 years to 93.1% (n=161) among those aged 45+ years but was similar between males and females. Uptake by population category was highest among health workers (92.5%, n=49) followed by truck drivers (90.9%, n=111) and female sex workers (86%, n=80), in that order. Uptake was higher among those with primary (82.2%, n=291) or secondary education (80.1%, n=265) than those with no education at all (67.7%, n=21) and among those who were separated/divorced/widowed (87.3%, n=103) than those who were single (68.9%, n=168). By income status, nearly all (97.1%, n=34) of those earning an average monthly income of more than US$394 per month received at least one vaccine dose compared to 78.8% (n=537) among those who earned less than or equal to US$131.
Factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine uptake
Table 4 shows the factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine uptake at bivariate and multivariable analysis levels. At bivariate analysis, the factors that were positively associated with COVID-19 vaccine uptake were: older age-group (those aged 25 years or older were more likely to report that they received at least one vaccine dose than those aged 18-24 years), being a health worker [PR (95%CI) = 1.12 (1.00, 1.25)], being currently married [PR (95%CI) = 1.23 (1.12, 1.34)] or separated/divorced/widowed [PR (95%CI) = 1.27 (1.14, 1.41)]; earning an average monthly income of more than US$394 per month [PR (95%CI) = 1.23 (1.15, 1.32)], and the belief that the COVID-19 vaccine is effective [PR (95%CI) = 1.31 (1.09, 1.59)]. On the other hand, factors that were negatively associated with COVID-19 vaccine uptake were being Catholic [PR (95%CI) = 0.85 (0.78, 0.92)], not believing that one was at risk of contracting the corona virus [PR (95%CI) = 0.91 (0.85, 0.99)] and living in Mutukula [PR (95%CI) = 0.70 (0.65, 0.75)].
Table 4. Factors associated with vaccine uptake among high-risk populations at two border points of entry into Uganda
Characteristic
|
N
|
n (%)
|
Prevalence Ratio [PR] (95% CI)
|
Adjusted PR
(95% CI)
|
Age-group (years)
18-24
25-34
35-44
45+
|
166
297
218
173
|
110 (66.3)
230 (77.4)
185 (84.8)
161 (93.1)
|
Ref
1.17 (1.03-1.32)
1.28 (1.13-1.45)
1.40 (1.25-1.58)
|
Ref
1.06 (0.94-1.19)
1.13 (1.01-1.27)
1.19 (1.07-1.33)
|
Sex
Male
Female
|
502
352
|
397 (78.1)
289 (82.1)
|
Ref
1.04 (0.97-1.11)
|
Ref
1.02 (0.96.1.08)
|
Category of respondent
Market vendor
Local business traders
Sex worker
Truck driver
POE worker
Health worker
Other category
|
126
127
93
122
191
53
142
|
104 (82.5)
102 (80.3)
80 (86.0)
111 (90.9)
150 (78.5)
49 (92.5)
90 (63.4)
|
Ref
0.97 (0.86-1.09)
1.04 (0.93-1.17)
1.10 (0.99-1.23)
0.95 (0.85-1.06)
1.12 (1.00-1.25)
0.77 (0.66-0.89)
|
Ref
1.05 (0.94-1.16)
1.07 (0.96-1.19)
1.16 (1.04-1.29)
1.11 (0.99-1.29)
1.18 (1.05-1.32)
1.05 (0.89-1.23)
|
Highest level of education
No formal education
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
|
31
354
331
138
|
21 (67.7)
291 (82.2)
265 (80.1)
109 (78.9)
|
Ref
1.21 (0.95-1.56)
1.18 (0.92-1.52)
1.27 (0.90-1.51)
|
Ref
1.05 (0.83-1.33)
1.09 (0.86-1.37)
0.99 (0.77-1.28)
|
Marital status
Single
Married
Separated/divorced/Widowed
|
244
492
118
|
168 (68.9)
415 (84.4)
103 (87.3)
|
Ref
1.23 (1.12-1.34)
1.27 (1.14-1.41)
|
Ref
1.03 (0.92-1.15)
0.99 (0.88-1.13)
|
Religion
Anglican
Catholic
Moslem
Seventh-Day Adventist
Pentecostal
|
179
374
184
15
102
|
157 (87.7)
278 (74.3)
156 (84.8)
12 (80.0)
83 (81.4)
|
Ref
0.85 (0.78-0.92)
0.97 (0.89-1.05)
0.91 (0.70-1.18)
0.93 (0.83-1.03)
|
Ref
0.89 (0.83-0.96)
0.99 (0.91-1.07)
0.93 (0.74-1.17)
0.93 (0.84-1.02)
|
Average income per month (USD)
<=131
131-394
>394
|
681
138
35
|
537 (78.9)
115 (83.3)
34 (97.1)
|
Ref
1.06 (0.97-1.15)
1.23 (1.15-1.32)
|
Ref
1.01 (0.92-1.09)
1.19 (1.08-1.30)
|
COVID-19 vaccine is effective
No
Yes
Don’t know
|
58
692
104
|
38 (65.5)
595 (85.9)
53 (50.9)
|
Ref
1.31 (1.09-1.59)
0.78 (0.59-1.01)
|
Ref
1.32 (1.10-1.58)
0.85 (0.66-1.10)
|
Being at risk of contracting COVID-19
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
|
560
28
266
|
465 (3.0)
19 (67.9)
202 (75.9)
|
Ref
0.82 (0.63-1.06)
0.91 (0.85-0.99)
|
Ref
0.89 (0.71-1.13)
0.94 (0.88-1.01)
|
Border point of entry
Malaba
Mutukula
|
427
427
|
403 (94.4)
283 (66.3)
|
Ref
0.70 (0.65-0.75)
|
Ref
0.73 (0.68-0.78)
|
At multivariable analysis, after adjusting for potential and suspected confounders, the factors that were positively associated with COVID-19 vaccine uptake were: older age-group 35-44 years [aPR (95%CI) = 1.13 (1.01, 1.27)] or 45+ years [aPR (95%CI) = 1.19 (1.07, 1.33)]; being a truck driver [aPR (95%CI) = 1.16 (1.04, 1.29)] or health worker [aPR (95%CI) = 1.18 (1.05, 1.32)]; earning an average monthly income of more than US$394 per month [aPR (95%CI) = 1.19 (1.08, 1.30)], and the belief that the COVID-19 vaccine is effective against the corona virus [aPR (95%CI) = 1.32 (1.10, 1.58)]. The only factor that was negatively associated with COVID-19 vaccine uptake at the multivariable analysis was residence in Mutukula [aPR (95%CI) = 0.73 (0.68, 0.78)].
Willingness to take the COVID-19 vaccine among those that were not yet vaccinated
Table 5 shows the distribution of willingness to take the COVID-19 vaccine, overall and by study site, across different background characteristics. Overall, 19.7% (n=168) of the respondents reported that they had not been vaccinated against COVID-19. Of these, 58.9% (n=99) were willing to take the COVID-19 vaccine if availed to them free of charge, with similar proportions in Malaba (58.3%, n=14) and Mutukula (59.0%, n=85). Willingness to take the vaccine increased with increasing age from 53.6% (n=30) among those aged 18-24 years to 69.7% (n=23) among those aged 35-44 years but was lower among those aged 45+ years (33.3%, n=4). Willingness to take the vaccine was similar between males and females (males: 59.1%, n=62; females: 58.7%, n=37). Over half of almost every category of respondents were willing to take the vaccine, with a higher proportion reported among truck drivers (72.7%, n=8) than the other categories, but willingness to take the vaccine was lower among health workers (25%, n=1).
Table 5. Willingness to take the COVID-19 vaccine among high-risk populations who had not yet been vaccinated
Characteristic
|
Total
|
Malaba
|
Mutukula
|
N
|
n (%)
|
N
|
n (%)
|
N
|
n (%)
|
All
|
168
|
99 (58.9)
|
24
|
14 (58.3)
|
144
|
85 (59.0)
|
Age-group (years)
18-24
25-34
35-44
45+
|
56
67
33
12
|
30 (53.6)
42 (62.7)
23 (69.7)
4 (33.3)
|
8
10
4
2
|
3 (37.5)
8 (80.0)
3 (75.0)
0 (0.0)
|
48
57
29
10
|
27 (56.3)
34 (59.7)
20 (69.0)
4 (40.0)
|
Sex
Male
Female
|
105
63
|
62 (59.1)
37 (58.7)
|
8
16
|
5 (62.5)
9 (56.3)
|
97
47
|
57 (58.8)
28 (59.6)
|
Category of respondent
Market vendor
Local business traders
Sex worker
Truck driver
POE worker
Health worker
Other category
|
22
25
13
11
41
4
52
|
14 (63.6)
13 (52.0)
8 (61.5)
8 (72.7)
22 (53.7)
1 (25.0)
33 (63.5)
|
4
6
5
3
3
1
2
|
2 (50.0)
5 (83.3)
3 (60.0)
1 (33.3)
1 (33.3)
1 (100.0)
1 (50.0)
|
18
19
8
8
38
3
50
|
12 (66.7)
8 (42.1)
5 (62.5)
7 (87.5)
21 (55.3)
0 (0.0)
32 (64.0)
|
Highest level of education
No formal education
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
|
10
63
66
29
|
7 (70.0)
42 (66.7)
34 (51.5)
16 (55.2)
|
1
6
10
7
|
1 (100.0)
1 (16.7)
5 (50.0)
7 (100.0)
|
9
57
56
22
|
6 (66.7)
41 (71.9)
29 (51.8)
9 (40.9)
|
Marital status
Single
Married
Divorced/separated/Widowed
|
76
77
15
|
47 (61.0)
40 (52.6)
12 (80.0)
|
7
14
3
|
3 (42.9)
8 (57.1)
3 (100.0)
|
69
63
12
|
37 (53.6)
39 (61.9)
9 (75.0)
|
Religion
Anglican
Catholic
Moslem
Seventh Day Adventist
Pentecostal
|
22
96
28
3
19
|
11 (50.0)
60 (62.5)
19 (67.9)
1 (33.3)
8 (42.1)
|
7
10
3
0
4
|
4 (57.1)
6 (60.0)
3 (100.0)
0 (0.0)
1 (25.0)
|
15
86
25
3
15
|
7 (46.7)
54 (62.8)
16 (64.0)
1 (33.3)
7 (46.7)
|
Employment status
Unemployed
Employed
Self-employed
|
4
70
94
|
2 (50.0)
43 (61.4)
54 (57.5)
|
1
9
14
|
0 (0.0)
5 (55.6)
9 (64.3)
|
3
61
80
|
2 (66.7)
38 (62.3)
45 (56.3)
|
Average income per month (USD)
<131
≥ 131
|
129
39
|
79 (61.2)
20 (51.3)
|
18
6
|
11 (61.1)
3 (50.0)
|
111
33
|
68 (61.3)
17 (51.5)
|
Factors associated with willingness to take the COVID-19 vaccine
Table 6 shows the factors associated with willingness to take the COVID-19 vaccine at the bivariate and multivariable analysis levels. At bivariate analysis, the factors that were positively associated with willingness to take the vaccine were: the belief that the COVID-19 vaccine is effective against the corona virus [PR (95%CI) = 2.22 (1.28, 3.83)]; the belief that one can contract the corona virus if not vaccinated [PR = 5.34 (2.52, 11.30)]; the belief that people vaccinated against COVID-19 would not contract the virus [PR = 1.33 (1.06, 1.67)] and the belief that the community in which they lived was at risk of COVID-19 [PR (95%CI) = 2.39 (1.65, 3.47)]. Being neutral regarding whether people vaccinated against COVID-19 would contract or not contract the corona virus [PR (95%CI) = 0.53 (0.32, 0.89)]; the belief that the COVID-19 vaccine has side effects [PR (95%CI) = 0.72% (0.54, 0.95)] and not believing that COVID-19 still existed in Uganda [PR (95%CI) = 0.45 (0.31, 0.66) were negatively associated with willingness to receive the COVID-19 vaccine at this level. At multivariable analysis, the factors that were positively associated with willingness to receive the COVID-19 vaccine were: the belief that one can contract the corona virus if not vaccinated [aPR (95%CI) = 3.67 (1.90, 7.10)] and the belief that the community in which they lived was at risk of COVID-19 [aPR (95%CI) = 1.86 (1.33, 2.62)]. Not believing that COVID-19 still existed in Uganda was negatively associated with willingness to take the COVID-19 vaccine [aPR (95%CI) = 0.59 (0.42, 0.82)].
Table 6. Factors associated with willingness to take the COVID-19 vaccine among high-risk populations who had not yet been vaccinated
Characteristic
|
N
|
n (%)
|
PR (95% Confidence Interval)
|
Adjusted PR (95% Confidence Interval)a
|
Age-group (years)
18-24
25-34
35-44
45+
|
56
67
33
12
|
30 (53.6)
42 (62.7)
23 (69.7)
4 (33.3)
|
Ref
1.17 (0.86-1.59)
1.30 (0.93-1.81)
0.62 (0.27-1.44)
|
Ref
1.35 (0.98-1.88)
1.40 (0.96-2.03)
1.30 (0.71-2.31)
|
Sex
Male
Female
|
105
63
|
62 (59.1)
37 (58.7)
|
Ref
0.99 (0.77-1.29)
|
Ref
0.91 (0.69-1.20)
|
Category of respondent
Market vendor
Local business traders
Sex worker
Truck driver
POE worker
Health worker
Other category
|
22
25
13
11
41
4
52
|
14 (63.6)
13 (52.0)
8 (61.5)
8 (72.7)
22 (53.7)
1 (25.0)
33 (63.5)
|
Ref
0.82 (0.50-1.34)
0.97 (0.57-1.65)
1.14 (0.71-1.85)
0.84 (0.55-1.29)
0.39 (0.07-2.22)
0.10 (0.68-1.46)
|
Ref
1.24 (0.85-1.82)
1.44 (0.96-2.15)
1.00 (0.70-1.44)
1.15 (0.79-1.69)
0.40 (0.08-2.11)
1.35 (0.99-1.84)
|
Border point of entry
Malaba
Mutukula
|
24
144
|
14 (58.3)
85 (59.0)
|
Ref
1.01 (0.70-1.46)
|
Ref
0.81 (0.59-1.11)
|
COVID-19 vaccine is effective against corona virus disease
No
Yes
Don’t know
|
111
27
30
|
9 (33.3)
82 (73.9)
8 (26.7)
|
Ref
2.22 (1.28-3.83)
0.80 (0.36-1.78)
|
Ref
1.30 (0.84-2.01)
0.97 (0.49-1.92)
|
Do you think you can contract COVID-19?
No
Yes
Don’t know
|
118
42
8
|
6 (14.3)
90 (76.3)
3 (37.5)
|
Ref
5.34 (2.52-11.30)
2.63 (0.82-8.42)
|
Ref
3.67 (1.90-7.10)
2.28 (0.88-5.93)
|
People vaccinated against COVID-19 will not contract the corona virus
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
|
85
38
45
|
51 (60.0)
12 (31.6)
36 (80.0)
|
Ref
0.53 (0.32-0.89)
1.33 (1.-06-1.67)
|
Ref
0.86 (0.56-1.30)
1.15 (0.94-1.41)
|
COVID-19 vaccine has side effects
No
Yes
Don’t know
|
95
34
39
|
25 (73.5)
50 (52.6)
24 (61.5)
|
Ref
0.72 (0.54-0.95)
0.84 (0.61-1.15)
|
Ref
0.90 (0.68-1.19)
1.07 (0.78-1.47)
|
COVID-19 still exists in Uganda
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
|
91
15
62
|
23 (25.3)
5 (33.3)
41 (66.1)
|
Ref
0.89 (0.61-1.30)
0.45 (0.31-0.66)
|
Ref
1.07 (0.75-1.53)
0.59 (0.42-0.82)
|
Thought their communities are at risk of COVID-19
No
Yes
Don’t know
|
59
79
30
|
20 (33.9)
64 (81.0)
15 (50.0)
|
Ref
2.39 (1.65-3.47)
1.48 (0.89-2.45)
|
Ref
1.86 (1.33-2.62)
1.54 (0.99-2.40)
|
aAdjusted for: average monthly income, religious affiliation, marital status, and highest level of education. None of these factors were found to be significantly associated with willingness to take the COVID-19 vaccine.