Entomological surveys were carried out by NIMR Field team in both residential and commercial (office) premises of Haridwar city during the month of June 2021 to December 2021 to find out the breeding sites where mosquito breeds and infects the peoples. During the surveys, a total of 1922 house premises were surveyed and out of which 1910 houses were screened from residential areas and 12 from commercial areas. In Residential areas out of 1910 houses, 237 houses were found to be positive with Aedes breeding while out of 12 commercial areas, only 7 were found to be positive with Aedes breeding. Inside both the premises, a total of 5081 water containers were screened for larval presence and out of 5081 water containers, 4884 water containers were found positive from residential areas and 197 water containers from commercial area with Aedes breeding (Tables 1 & 2).
During survey, in residential areas (4884 water containers), only 395 water containers were found positive with breeding of Aedes mosquito. When calculated its overall House Index (HI), Container Index (CI), and Breteau Index (BI), it was observed that the HI (12.40), CI (8.08) and BI (20.68) of water containers were observed (Table 1). While in commercial areas (197 water containers), only 66 water conatiners were witnessed with Aedes breeding and their CI (33.50) were calculated during the survey (Table 2). During investigation in both study areas (Haridwar city and BHEL complex), different stages of larvae and adult of Aedes mosquito were detected and their stage vary localities wise in dengue affected areas. We also recorded the positivity rate of Aedes larvae irrespective of the number of dengue cases recorded in these localities.
The distribution of Aedes larvae and Breeding Preference Ratio (BPR) in different types of breeding habitats was also recorded, and their results are depicted in Table 3. Among all the Aedes mosquito breeding habitats, the highest positivity of Ae. aegypti larvae were found in junk materials (4.46) followed by cemented tanks, pots & seepage water tanks (3.96), mud pots (3.58), discarded tyres (3.72), tree holes (2.95), desert coolers (1.97), money plant pots (1.86), plastic containers (1.02), tray of the domestic refrigerator (0.72) and flower pots (0.22) (Table 3). During the entomological survey, few localities were found to be positive with the breeding of Ae. albopictus and Ae. vittatus breeding were also observed in outdoor open spaces of the houses in a few localities. Aedes mosquitoes breeding were also found in intra-domestic water storage containers from the same areas where dengue cases were also reported.
During indoor mosquito collections, only 3 Aedes mosquito species were collected and out of which Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus were found to be the most abundant species and other Ae. vittatus species was found in small numbers (Table 4&5). Average Man Hour Density (MHD) of dengue vector was calculated and found to vary locality to locality from the dengue-affected localities (Table 4&5).
Entomological surveys were carried out by NIMR Field team in both residential and commercial (office) premises of Haridwar city during the month of June 2021 to December 2021 to find out the breeding sites where mosquito breeds and infects the peoples. During the survey, a total of 1922 house premises were surveyed and out of which 1910 houses were screened from residential areas and 12 from commercial areas. In Residential areas out of 1910 houses, 237 houses were screened to be positive with Aedes breeding while out of 12 commercial areas, 7 were tagged positive with Aedes breeding. Inside the both premises, a total of 5081 water containers were screened for larval presence and found out that out of 5081 water containers, 4884 water containers from residential areas and 197 water containers from commercial area were found positive with Aedes breeding (Tables 1 & 2).
In residential areas (4884 water containers), only 395 water containers were positive with Aedes breeding during survey. When we compute its overall House Index (HI), Container Index (CI), and Breteau Index (BI), it was observed that the HI (12.40), CI (8.08) and BI (20.68) of water containers were calculated (Table 1). While in commercial areas (197 water containers), only 66 water containers were witnessed with Aedes breeding and their CI (33.50) were calculated during the survey (Table 2). In study areas (Haridwar city and BHEL complex) during investigation, different stages of both larvae and adult of Aedes mosquito were detected and their stage vary localities wise in dengue affected areas. We also recorded the positivity rate of Aedes larvae irrespective of the number of dengue cases recorded in these localities.
The distribution and existence of Aedes larvae and Breeding Preference Ratio (BPR) in different types of breeding habitats was also examined, and their results are depicted in Table 3. Of all the Aedes mosquito breeding habitats, the highest positivity of Ae. aegypti larvae were found in junk materials (4.46) followed by cemented tanks, pots & seepage water tanks (3.96), mud pots (3.58), discarded tyres (3.72), tree holes (2.95), desert coolers (1.97), money plant pots (1.86), plastic containers (1.02), tray of the domestic refrigerator (0.72) and flower pots (0.22) (Table 3). At the time of entomological survey, Ae. albopictus and Ae. vittatus breeding was also observed in outdoor open spaces of the houses in a few localities. Aedes mosquitoes breeding were also found in intra-domestic water storage containers from the same areas where dengue cases were also reported.
During indoor mosquito collections, only 3 Aedes mosquito species were collected and out of which Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus were tagged to be the most abundant species and other Ae. vittatus species was found in small numbers (Table 4&5). Average Man Hour Density (MHD) of dengue vector was calculated and found to vary from locality to locality in dengue-affected areas (Table 4&5).
During the indoor adult mosquitoes collections, area wise Aedes mosquitoes of Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus and Ae. vittatus were collected from different localities and no. of mosquitoes for each locality ranged between in residential area 18–86, 11–91 and 0–12 and 5–32, 22–44 and 0–14 in commercial/ official area respectively. The average MHD of Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus and Ae. vittatus were in residential area 10.77, 6.81 and 0.52 (Table 4) and in commercial/ official area 4.75, 7.95 and 1.68 (Table 5).
Percent species composition of Aedes mosquitoes larvae were isolated and collected from different localities of Haridwar City and BHEL complex (Table 6). A total of 637 larvae emerged into adults in the insectary/ laboratory condition and among all five species of Aedes mosquitoes i.e. Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus, Ae. vittatus, Ae. pseudotaeniatus and Ae. thomsoni were properly identified. In Haridwar city, Ae. aegypti was widespread mostly and % species composition was 89.1% while in BHEL complex Ae. albopictus was most prevalent and its % species composition was 73.3% and very low breeding of Ae. aegypti 23.9% was recorded. High prevalence Ae. aegypti was recorded in Haridwar city which was as dengue affected area. Overall, percent species composition of Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus, Ae. vittatus, Ae. pseudotaeniatus and Ae. thomsoni 56.5, 41.45, 1.05, 0.4 and 0.6 respectively.
Table 1: Prevalence of Aedes mosquito larvae in different localities of Residential areas in Haridwar City during dengue transmission season
Sr. No.
|
Name of the study area
|
No. of House surveyed
|
No. of House positive
|
No. of Water containers surveyed
|
No. of positive containers
|
H. I. (%)
|
C. I. (%)
|
B. I. (%)
|
1
|
Hajari Bagh, Kankhal
|
188
|
8
|
156
|
11
|
4.25
|
7.05
|
5.85
|
2
|
Bhagwant Vatika, Kankhal
|
91
|
5
|
76
|
6
|
5.49
|
7.89
|
6.59
|
3
|
Indira Basti, Kankhal
|
88
|
9
|
196
|
16
|
10.2
|
8.16
|
18.2
|
4
|
Phari Bazaar, Kankhal
|
229
|
7
|
526
|
9
|
3.05
|
1.71
|
3.93
|
5
|
Miyan Mohalla, Kankhal
|
114
|
6
|
241
|
11
|
5.26
|
4.56
|
9.64
|
6
|
Sector-1, 2, 3 & 5 BHEL
|
221
|
64
|
1144
|
116
|
29
|
10.1
|
52.5
|
7
|
Bairagi Camp Bajariwala, Kankhal
|
451
|
28
|
1044
|
62
|
6.2
|
5.93
|
13.7
|
8
|
Devpura, Project Bairaj Colony & Vichitra Vatika
|
188
|
39
|
398
|
59
|
20.7
|
14.8
|
31.4
|
9
|
Canal Colony Mayapur
|
74
|
27
|
360
|
46
|
36.5
|
12.8
|
62.2
|
10
|
Shiv Murti Chowak
|
133
|
10
|
469
|
15
|
7.51
|
3.19
|
11.3
|
11
|
Bairaj Colony
|
74
|
31
|
241
|
41
|
41.9
|
17
|
55.4
|
12
|
Kashipura, Mansa Devi Area
|
59
|
3
|
33
|
3
|
5.08
|
9.09
|
5.08
|
|
Total
|
1910
|
237
|
4884
|
395
|
12.4
|
8.08
|
20.7
|
*H.I.= House Index, C.I.= Container Index, B.I.= Breteau Index
Table 2: Prevalence of Aedes mosquito larvae in different localities of Commercial areas in Haridwar City during dengue transmission season
Sr. No.
|
Name of the study area
|
No. of House surveyed
|
No. of House positive
|
No. of Water containers surveyed
|
No. of positive containers
|
C. I. (%)
|
1
|
Civil Maintenance Office, Sec-3, BHEL
|
1
|
1
|
23
|
13
|
56.52
|
2
|
Civil Maintenance Office Sec-5, BHEL
|
1
|
1
|
28
|
5
|
17.85
|
3
|
Civil Maintenance Office Sec-12, BHEL
|
1
|
1
|
23
|
5
|
21.73
|
4
|
CIVIL Maintenance Main Building, BHEL
|
1
|
0
|
9
|
0
|
0
|
5
|
Vidhut Sub Station Sec-3, BHEL
|
1
|
1
|
3
|
1
|
33.33
|
6
|
Vidhut Sub Station Sec-5, BHEL
|
1
|
0
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
7
|
Vidhut Sub Station Sec-1, BHEL
|
1
|
1
|
11
|
1
|
9.09
|
8
|
Jal Sansthan Sec-3, BHEL
|
1
|
0
|
19
|
0
|
0
|
9
|
Kotwali Police Station Ranipur Sec-5, BHEL
|
1
|
0
|
11
|
0
|
0
|
10
|
SOG, Office Police Station Sec-5, BHEL
|
1
|
0
|
4
|
0
|
0
|
11
|
State Office, BHEL
|
1
|
1
|
12
|
12
|
100
|
12
|
Trishul Guest House, BHEL
|
1
|
1
|
51
|
29
|
56.86
|
|
Total
|
12
|
7
|
197
|
66
|
33.5
|
*C.I.= Container Index
Table 3. Breeding preference ratio (BPR) of Aedes larvae in Haridwar City during dengue transmission season
Sr. No.
|
Type of breeding habitats
|
Number of containers with water
|
Breeding Preference Ratio
|
Examined
|
(X %)
|
With larvae
|
(Y %)
|
BPR (Y/X)
|
1
|
Flower Pots
|
2750
|
54.12
|
55
|
11.93
|
0.22
|
2
|
Desert Coolers
|
1155
|
22.73
|
207
|
44.9
|
1.97
|
3
|
Plastic Containers (Tubs, Bowls, Tanks, Buckets, Drums, Kens)
|
793
|
15.60.
|
74
|
16.05
|
1.02
|
4
|
Refrigerator Trays
|
15
|
0.29
|
1
|
0.21
|
0.72
|
5
|
Mud Pots /Pitchers
|
71
|
1.39
|
23
|
4.98
|
3.58
|
6
|
Discarded Tyres
|
55
|
1.08
|
15
|
3.25
|
3
|
7
|
Air Conditioner’s Trays
|
11
|
0.21
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
8
|
Cemented Tanks, Pots & Seepage Water Tanks
|
67
|
1.31
|
24
|
5.2
|
3.96
|
9
|
Tree Holes
|
11
|
0.22
|
3
|
0.65
|
2.95
|
10
|
Mani Plants
|
12
|
0.23
|
2
|
0.43
|
1.86
|
11
|
Junk Materials (Iron Drum, Containers, Steel Pots, Steel Wastes, Lids, Drums, Aluminium Sodium Light Fitting Covers, Discarded Toilet Seat, Cistern Lid, Discarded Helmet, Waste Crocary)
|
141
|
2.77
|
57
|
12.36
|
4.46
|
|
Total
|
5081
|
|
461
|
|
|
*B.P.R = Breeding Preference Ratio
Table 4
Man hour density (MHD) of Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus and Ae. vittatus mosquito species in Commercial areas of Haridwar City during dengue transmission season
Sr. No.
|
Name of the study area
|
No. of Ae. aegypti
|
MHD of Ae. aegypti
|
No. of Ae. albopictus
|
MHD of Ae. albopictus
|
No. of Ae. vittatus
|
MHD of Ae. vittatus
|
Ratio of Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus and Ae. vittatus
|
1
|
Hajari Bagh, Kankhal
|
37
|
9.25
|
21
|
5.25
|
0
|
0
|
1.8:1
|
2
|
Bhagwant Vatika, Kankhal
|
21
|
5.25
|
11
|
2.75
|
0
|
0
|
1.9:1
|
3
|
Indira Basti, Kankhal
|
30
|
7.5
|
18
|
4.5
|
2
|
0.5
|
15:09:01
|
4
|
Phari Bazaar, Kankhal
|
34
|
8.5
|
26
|
6.5
|
0
|
0
|
1.4:1
|
5
|
Miyan Mohalla, Kankhal
|
18
|
4.5
|
10
|
2.5
|
0
|
0
|
1.8:1
|
6
|
Sector-1,2,3&5, BHEL
|
56
|
14
|
91
|
22.75
|
12
|
3
|
4.7:7.6:1
|
7
|
Bairagi Camp Bajariwala, Kankhal
|
35
|
8.75
|
40
|
10
|
8
|
2
|
4.4:5:1
|
8
|
Devpura, Project Bairaj Colony & Vichitra Vatika
|
86
|
21.5
|
18
|
4.5
|
0
|
0
|
4.8:1
|
9
|
Canal Colony Mayapur
|
44
|
11
|
23
|
5.75
|
0
|
0
|
1.9:1
|
10
|
Shiv Murti Chowak
|
31
|
7.75
|
13
|
3.25
|
0
|
0
|
2.4:1
|
11
|
Bairaj Colony
|
83
|
20.75
|
34
|
8.5
|
3
|
0.75
|
27.7:11.3:1
|
12
|
Kashipura, Mansa Devi Area
|
42
|
10.5
|
22
|
5.5
|
0
|
0
|
1.91:1
|
|
Average MHD
|
|
10.77
|
|
6.81
|
|
0.52
|
|
*MHD = Man Hour Density
Table 5: Man hour density (MHD) of Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus and Ae. vittatus mosquito species in Residential area of Haridwar City during dengue transmission season
Sr. No.
|
Name of the study area
|
No. of
Ae. aegypti
|
MHD of Ae. aegypti
|
No. of Ae. albopictus
|
MHD of Ae. albopictus
|
No. of Ae. vittatus
|
MHD of Ae. vittatus
|
Ratio of Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus and Ae. vittatus
|
1
|
Civil Maintenance Office, Sec-3, BHEL
|
16
|
4
|
23
|
5.75
|
8
|
2
|
02:09.9
|
2
|
Civil Maintenance Office Sec-5, BHEL
|
12
|
3
|
22
|
5.5
|
4
|
1
|
06:05.5
|
3
|
Civil Maintenance Office Sec-12, BHEL
|
11
|
2.75
|
27
|
6.75
|
4
|
1
|
2.8:6.8:1
|
4
|
CIVIL Maintenance Main Building, BHEL
|
28
|
7
|
35
|
8.75
|
13
|
3.25
|
2.2:2.7:1
|
5
|
Vidhut Sub Station Sec-3, BHEL
|
32
|
8
|
44
|
11
|
9
|
2.25
|
3.6:4.9:1
|
6
|
Vidhut Sub Station Sec-5, BHEL
|
26
|
6.5
|
35
|
8.75
|
10
|
2.5
|
2.7:3.5:1
|
7
|
Vidhut Sub Station Sec-1, BHEL
|
20
|
5
|
29
|
7.25
|
6
|
1.5
|
3.3:4.8:1
|
8
|
Jal Sansthan Sec-3, BHEL
|
22
|
5.5
|
40
|
10
|
6
|
1.5
|
3.7:6.7:1
|
9
|
Kotwali Police Station Ranipur Sec-5, BHEL
|
5
|
1.25
|
24
|
6
|
0
|
0
|
01:04.8
|
10
|
SOG, Office Police Station Sec-5, BHEL
|
8
|
2
|
31
|
7.75
|
0
|
0
|
01:03.9
|
11
|
State Office, BHEL
|
28
|
7
|
33
|
8.25
|
7
|
1.75
|
05:11.7
|
12
|
Trishul Guest House, BHEL
|
20
|
5
|
39
|
9.75
|
14
|
3.5
|
1.4:2.8:1
|
|
Average MHD
|
|
4.75
|
|
7.95
|
|
1.68
|
|
*M.H.D = Man Hour Density
Table 6
Percent species composition of Aedes mosquitoes from Haridwar City and BHEL complex during dengue transmission season
Sr.
No.
|
Area
|
No. of emerged adults identified
|
Species composition
|
Ae. aegypti
|
Ae. albopictus
|
Ae. vittatus
|
Ae. pseudotaeniatus
|
Ae. thomsoni
|
1
|
Haridwar City
|
380
|
89.1
|
9.6
|
0.5
|
0.8
|
0
|
2
|
BHEL complex
|
257
|
23.9
|
73.3
|
1.6
|
0
|
1.2
|
|
Total
|
637
|
56.5
|
41.45
|
1.05
|
0.4
|
0.6
|
|
*Adults mosquitoes were identified from larvae emerged
|