Bar graphs showing morpho-anatomical attribute of Cenchrus ciliaris
Bar graphs showing stem morpho-anatomical attributes ofCenchrus ciliaris highlighted at spatial scale all stem parameters (stem epidermal cell area, stem metaxylem cell area, stem parenchyma cell area, stem radius and vascular bundle thickness) decreased at extremely dust polluted Site 3 except stem sclerenchyma thickness which highly increased at Site 3. All other stem anatomical parameters highly increased at dust free Site 1 except stem sclerenchyma thickness which highly decreased at Site 1. At temporal scale, content of all other steman atomical parameters decreased during peak winter season in January except stem sclerenchyma thickness which highly increased in January. All other stem anatomical parameters highly increased during spring season in April except stem sclerenchyma thickness which highly decreased in April (Fig. 4).
Bar graphs showing root morpho-anatomical attributes of Cenchrus ciliaris highlighted at spatial scale all root anatomical parameters (root radius, root epidermal cell area, root metaxylem cell area, root endodermis thickness, root parenchyma cell area, root radius and root vascular bundle thickness)decreased at extremely dust polluted Site 3 except root aerenchyma area and root sclerenchyma thickness which highly increased at Site 3. Values of all other root anatomical parameters were recorded highest at dust free Site 1 except root aerenchyma area and root sclerenchyma thickness which highly decreased at Site 1. At temporal scale values of all other root anatomical parameters were recorded highest during spring season in April except root aerenchyma area and root sclerenchyma thickness which highly decreased in April. All other root anatomical parameters decreased during peak winter season in January except root aerenchyma area and root sclerenchyma thickness which highly increased in January (Fig. 5).
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showing physiological and biochemical attributes along with heavy metals in Aristida mutabilis
The analysis of variance showing physiological and biochemical attributes along with heavy metals inAristida mutabilis at spatial and temporal scale highlighted specific variation in physiological and biochemical attributes along with heavy metals.
Analysis of variance showing heavy metals in Aristida mutabilis highlighted that at spatial scale among all sites variation in concentration of all heavy metals (cadmium, iron, nickel, lead and zinc) in root and stem was very highly significant. At temporal scale in all seasons variation among most all heavy metals in root and stem was also very highly significant except for root lead concentration which showed not very highly significant but significant variation (Table 3).
Table 3
Summary of ANOVA (F ratios) for physiological and biochemical attributes along with heavy metals in Aristida mutabilis
Attributes | Sites | Seasons |
Chl a | 335.5355*** | 22.48908*** |
Chl b | 287.1867*** | 13.1151*** |
T Chl | 386.9222*** | 21.54151*** |
Car | 1124.21*** | 84.9953*** |
LRWC | 257.3988*** | 47.68554*** |
H2O2 | 69.41729*** | 32.23852*** |
POD | 130.5429*** | 22.66299*** |
AsA | 664.2497*** | 58.00036*** |
Pro | 102.2265*** | 16.88305*** |
RCd | 601.8361*** | 168.1696*** |
RFe | 348.6445*** | 12.15107*** |
RNi | 142.0493*** | 10.40582*** |
RPb | 27.49775*** | 5.278577* |
RZn | 670.1526*** | 53.80707*** |
SCd | 712.1393*** | 143.4026*** |
SFe | 410.4087*** | 34.69568*** |
SNi | 442.2433*** | 52.334*** |
SPb | 162.2801*** | 88.62355*** |
SZn | 638.6883*** | 45.09738*** |
df: Sites 4, Season 3, Error 12, * = significant variation, **= highly significant variation |
***= very highly significant variation, ns = non significant variation |
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showing physiological and biochemical attributes along with heavy metals in Cenchrus ciliaris
The analysis of variance showing physiological and biochemical attributes along with heavy metals inCenchrus ciliaris at spatial and temporal scale highlighted specific variation in physiological and biochemical attributes along with heavy metals.
Analysis of variance showing heavy metals in Cenchru sciliaris highlighted that at spatial scale among all sites variation in concentration of all heavy metals (cadmium, iron, nickel, lead and zinc) in root and stem was very highly significant. At temporal scale in all seasons variation among all heavy metals in root and stem was also very highly significant (Table 4).
Table 4
Summary of ANOVA (F ratios) for physiological and biochemical attributes along with heavy metals in Cenchrus ciliaris
Attributes | Sites | Seasons |
Chl a | 160.1018*** | 33.28133*** |
Chl b | 136.6145*** | 23.42273*** |
T Chl | 163.8429*** | 30.98414*** |
Car | 1.245473ns | 1.425274ns |
LRWC | 1077.118*** | 146.2258*** |
H2O2 | 53.04129*** | 57.45345*** |
POD | 518.6307*** | 77.14864*** |
AsA | 1255.338*** | 188.4743*** |
Pro | 85.32687*** | 8.361611*** |
RCd | 121.1484*** | 44.51893*** |
RFe | 98.6424*** | 24.30333*** |
RNi | 115.2453*** | 9.630365*** |
RPb | 97.93036*** | 18.45392*** |
RZn | 428.1042*** | 42.6601*** |
SCd | 212.7748*** | 24.79704*** |
SFe | 355.0168*** | 56.39719*** |
SNi | 517.819*** | 43.24205*** |
SPb | 34.20318*** | 42.93707*** |
SZn | 32.47714*** | 32.47714*** |
df: Sites 4, Season 3, Error 12, * = significant variation, **= highly significant variation |
***= very highly significant variation, ns = non significant variation |
CCA triplots showing physiological and biochemical attributes along with heavy metals in Aristidamutabilis
During January CCA triplots showing physiological and biochemical attributes along with heavy metals in Aristida mutabilis presented that in soil parameters EC, phosphorus and organic matter were associated with Site 3 while pH and potassium were associated with Site 1 and Site 2. In dust heavy metals nickel, lead and iron were associated with Site 3 and Site 4 while iron and zinc were not associated with any site. Dust concentration was associated with Site 3 and Site 4. Leaf chlorophyll a, leaf chlorophyll b, and leaf relative water content were associated with Site 1 which peroxidase (POD), ascorbic acid (AsA), proline and hydrogen peroxide were associated with Site 3 and Site 4. In root and shoot heavy metals zinc and iron were not associated with any particular site while lead, nickel and cadmium were associated with Site 3 and Site 4.
During April CCA triplots showing physiological and biochemical attributes along with heavy metals inAristida mutabilis presented that in soil parameters EC and pH were associated with Site 4 while organic matter, phosphorus and potassium were associated with Site 5. In dust heavy metals cadmium, nickel and lead were associated with Site 3 and Site 4 while iron and zinc were not associated with any site. Dust concentration was associated with Site 3 and Site 4. Leaf chlorophyll a, leaf chlorophyll b, and leaf relative water content were associated with Site 1 which peroxidase (POD), ascorbic acid (AsA), proline and hydrogen peroxide were associated with Site 3 and Site 4. In root and shoot heavy metals zinc and iron were not associated with any particular site while cadmium, lead and nickel were associated with Site 3 and Site 4.
During July CCA triplots showing physiological and biochemical attributes along with heavy metals inAristida mutabilis presented that in soil parameters EC was associated with Site 4, phosphorus and organic matter were associated with Site 3, pH was not associated with any Site while potassium was associated with Site 5. In dust heavy metals cadmium, nickel and lead were associated with Site 3 and Site 4 while iron and zinc were not associated with any site. Dust concentration was highly associated with Site 3 and Site 4. Leaf chlorophyll a, leaf chlorophyll b, and leaf relative water content were associated with Site 1 which peroxidase (POD), ascorbic acid (AsA), proline and hydrogen peroxide were associated with Site 3 and Site 4. In root and shoot heavy metals cadmium, nickel and lead were associated with Site 3 and Site 4 while iron and zinc were not associated with any site.
Soil attributes showed variation in each season. Heavy metals in dust were associated with October and January. Dust concentration was highly associated with October and January. Leaf chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, and leaf relative water content were associated with April and July while peroxidase (POD), ascorbic acid (AsA), proline and hydrogen peroxide were associated with October and January. In root and shoot all heavy metals were associated with October and January.
The monocotAristida mutabilis at Site 1 presentedthat insoil variables organic matter, phosphorus and potassium were associated with January; EC was associated with October while pH was associated with July. All heavy metals in dust were associated with January. Dust concentration was also associated with January. Leaf chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, and leaf relative water content were associated with April and July while peroxidase (POD), ascorbic acid (AsA), proline and hydrogen peroxide were associated with October and January. In root and shoot all heavy metals were associated with October and January.
CCA triplot showing physiological and biochemical attributes along with heavy metals in Aristida mutabilis at Site 2 presented that in soil variables potassium, organic matter and phosphorus were associated with October, EC was associated with July and pH was associated with January. All heavy metals in dust were associated with January. Dust concentration was also associated with January. Leaf chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, and leaf relative water content were associated with April and July while peroxidase (POD), ascorbic acid (AsA), proline and hydrogen peroxide were associated with October and January. In root and shoot all heavy metals were associated with October and January.
CCA triplot showing physiological and biochemical attributes along with heavy metals inAristida mutabilis at Site 3 presented that all soil variables except pH was associated with April, EC and potassium were associated with October and January while organic matter and phosphorus were not associated with any season. All heavy metals in dust were associated with January. Dust concentration was also associated with January. Leaf chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, and leaf relative water content were associated with April and July while peroxidase (POD), ascorbic acid (AsA), proline and hydrogen peroxide were associated with October and January. In root and shoot all heavy metals were associated with October and January.
CCA triplot showing physiological and biochemical attributes along with heavy metals inAristida mutabilis at Site 4 presented that insoil variables phosphorus, potassium and EC were associated with July, pH was associated with April and organic matter was associated with October. All heavy metals in dust were associated with January except cadmium which was associated with October. Dust concentration was associated with January. Leaf chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, and leaf relative water content were associated with April and July while peroxidase (POD), ascorbic acid (AsA), proline and hydrogen peroxide were associated with October and January. In root and shoot all heavy metals were associated with October and January.
CCA triplotshowing physiological and biochemical attributes along with heavy metals inAristida mutabilis at Site 5 presented that insoil variables pH, organic matter and potassium were associated with July while EC and phosphorus were associated with October. All heavy metals in dust were associated with January except iron which was associated with July. Dust concentration was associated with January. Leaf chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, and leaf relative water content were associated with April while peroxidase (POD), ascorbic acid (AsA), proline and hydrogen peroxide were associated with January. In root and shoot all heavy metals were associated with January (Fig. 6).
CCA triplots showing physiological and biochemical attributes along with heavy metals inAristida mutabilis at spatial scale highlighted specific distribution of environmental and supplementary variables. Soil attributes and heavy metals in dust showed variation at each site. Dust concentration was highly associated with Site 3 and Site 4. Leaf chlorophyll a, leaf chlorophyll b, and leaf relative water content were associated with Site 1 while peroxidase (POD), ascorbic acid (AsA), proline and hydrogen peroxide were associated with Site 3 and Site 4. In root and shoot heavy metals zinc and iron were not associated with any particular Site while lead, nickel and cadmium were associated with Site 3 and Site 4.
During October CCA triplots showing physiological and biochemical attributes along with heavy metals in Aristida mutabilis presented that in soil parameters EC, phosphorus and organic matter were associated with Site 3 while pH and potassium were associated with Site 1 and Site 2. In dust heavy metals nickel, lead and iron were associated with Site 3 and Site 4 while iron and zinc were not associated with any site. Dust concentration was associated with Site 3 and Site 4. Leaf chlorophyll a, leaf chlorophyll b, and leaf relative water content were associated with Site 1 which peroxidase (POD), ascorbic acid (AsA), proline and hydrogen peroxide were associated with Site 3 and Site 4. In root and shoot heavy metals zinc and iron were not associated with any particular site while lead, nickel and cadmium were associated with Site 3 and Site 4 (Fig. 7).
CCA triplots showing physiological and biochemical attributes along with heavy metals in Cenchrus ciliaris
CCA triplots showing physiological and biochemical attributes along with heavy metals inCenchrus ciliaris at spatial scale highlighted specific distribution of environmental and supplementary variables. Soil attributes and heavy metals in dust showed variation at each site. Dust concentration was highly associated with Site 3 and Site 4. In plant physiological parameters leaf chlorophyll a, leaf chlorophyll b and leaf relative water content were associated with Site 1 while in biochemical attributes peroxidase (POD), ascorbic acid (AsA), proline and hydrogen peroxide were associated with Site 3 and Site 4. In root and shoot heavy metals zinc and iron were not associated with any particular site while lead, nickel and cadmium were associated with Site 3 and Site 4.
During October CCA triplots showing physiological and biochemical attributes along with heavy metals in Cenchru sciliaris presented that in soil parameters EC was associated with Site 3 and Site 4, phosphorus and organic matter were associated with Site 3 while pH and potassium were associated with Site 2. In dust heavy metals nickel and lead were associated with Site 3 and Site 4 while cadmium, iron and zinc were not associated with any site. Dust concentration was associated with Site 3 and Site 4. In plant physiological parameters leaf chlorophyll a, leaf chlorophyll b, and leaf relative water content were associated with Site 1 which in biochemical attributes peroxidase (POD), ascorbic acid (AsA), proline and hydrogen peroxide were associated with Site 3 and Site 4. In root and shoot heavy metals cadmium, zinc and iron were not associated with any particular Site while lead and nickel were associated with Site 3 and Site 4.
During January CCA triplots showing physiological and biochemical attributes along with heavy metals in Cenchrus ciliaris presented that in soil parameters EC was associated with Site 3 and Site 4, phosphorus and organic matter were associated with Site 3 while pH and potassium were associated with Site 2. In dust heavy metals nickel and lead were associated with Site 3 and Site 4 while iron and zinc were not associated with any site. Dust concentration was associated with Site 3 and Site 4. In plant physiological parameters leaf chlorophyll a, leaf chlorophyll b and leaf relative water content were associated with Site 1 while in biochemical attributes peroxidase (POD), ascorbic acid (AsA), proline and hydrogen peroxide were associated with Site 3 and Site 4. In root and shoot heavy metals cadmium, zinc and iron were not associated with any particular site while lead and nickel were associated with Site 3 and Site 4.
During April CCA triplots showing physiological and biochemical attributes along with heavy metals in Cenchrus ciliaris presented that in soil parameters EC was associated with Site 3 and Site 4, pH was associated with Site 4 while organic matter, phosphorus and potassium were associated with Site 5. In dust heavy metals nickel and lead were associated with Site 3 and Site 4 while cadmium, iron and zinc were not associated with any site. Dust concentration was associated with Site 3 and Site 4. plant physiological parameters leaf chlorophyll a, leaf chlorophyll b and leaf relative water content were associated with Site 1 while in biochemical attributes peroxidase (POD), ascorbic acid (AsA), proline and hydrogen peroxide were associated with Site 3 and Site 4. In root and shoot heavy metals cadmium, zinc and iron were not associated with any particular Site while lead and nickel were associated with Site 3 and Site 4.
During July CCA triplots showing physiological and biochemical attributes along with heavy metals inCenchrus ciliaris presented that in soil parameters EC, phosphorus and organic matter were associated with Site 3, pH was associated with Site 1 while potassium was associated with Site 4. In dust heavy metals cadmium, nickel and lead were associated with Site 3 and Site 4 while iron and zinc were not associated with any site. Dust concentration was highly associated with Site 3 and Site 4. plant physiological parameters leaf chlorophyll a, leaf chlorophyll b and leaf relative water content were associated with Site 1 while in biochemical attributes peroxidase (POD), ascorbic acid (AsA), proline and hydrogen peroxide were associated with Site 3 and Site 4. In root and shoot heavy metals cadmium, nickel and lead were associated with Site 3 and Site 4 while iron and zinc were not associated with any site.
CCA triplots showing physiological and biochemical attributes along with heavy metals inCenchrus ciliaris at temporal scale highlighted specific distribution of environmental and supplementary variables. Soil attributes showed variation in each season. Heavy metals in dust were associated with October and January. Dust concentration was highly associated with October and January. Leaf chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, and leaf relative water content were associated with April and July while peroxidase (POD), ascorbic acid (AsA), proline and hydrogen peroxide were associated with October and January. In root and shoot all heavy metals were associated with October and January (Fig. 8).
CCA triplot showing physiological and biochemical attributes along with heavy metals in Cenchrus ciliaris at Site 1 presented that all soil variables except pH were associated with October and January while pH was associated with July. All heavy metals in dust were associated with January. Dust concentration was also associated with October and January. Leaf chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, and leaf relative water content were associated with April while peroxidase (POD), ascorbic acid (AsA), proline and hydrogen peroxide were associated with October and January. In root and shoot all heavy metals were associated with October and January.
CCA triplotshowing physiological and biochemical attributes along with heavy metals in Cenchrus ciliaris at Site 2 presented that all soil variables except EC were associated with October and January while EC was associated with July. All heavy metals in dust were associated with October and January. Dust concentration was also associated with October and January. Leaf chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, and leaf relative water content were associated with April and July while peroxidase (POD), ascorbic acid (AsA), proline and hydrogen peroxide were associated with October and January. In root and shoot all heavy metals were associated with October and January.
CCA triplot showing physiological and biochemical attributes along with heavy metals in Cenchrus ciliaris at Site 3 presented that in soil variables except pH was associated with April, EC and potassium were associated with January while phosphorus and organic matter were not associated with any season. All heavy metals in dust were associated with January. Dust concentration was also associated with January. Leaf chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, and leaf relative water content were associated with April and July while peroxidase (POD), ascorbic acid (AsA), proline and hydrogen peroxide were associated with October and January. In root and shoot all heavy metals were associated with October and January.
CCA triplot showing physiological and biochemical attributes along with heavy metals in Cenchrus ciliaris at Site 4 presented that insoil variables phosphorus, potassium and EC were associated with July, pH was associated with April and organic matter was associated with October. All heavy metals in dust were associated with January except cadmium which was associated with October. Dust concentration was also associated with October and January. Leaf chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, and leaf relative water content were associated with April while peroxidase (POD), ascorbic acid (AsA), prolineand hydrogen peroxide were associated with January. In root and shoot all heavy metals were associated with October and January.
CCA triplot showing physiological and biochemical attributes along with heavy metals inCenchru sciliaris at Site 5 presented that insoil variables pH was associated with April, phosphorus, organic matter and potassium were associated with July and EC was associated with October. All heavy metals in dust were associated with October and January. Dust concentration was associated with January. Leaf chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, and leaf relative water content were associated with April while peroxidase (POD), ascorbic acid (AsA), proline and hydrogen peroxide were associated with October and January. In root and shoot all heavy metals were associated with October and January (Fig. 9).