According to (Pocius 2007) adhesives are any binding polymers that join two or more things together through adhesion and cohesion forces. Now a day adhesives are an effective transition agent with a very large application and market demand due to its wide application areas like packaging materials (Ashley, Cochran et al. 1995), automobile manufacturing (Schneberger 1990), aerospace (Bishopp 2011), (Meade 1985), construction (Gillespie, Countryman et al. 1978), (Mays 1985), medicine and healthcare (Dinte and Sylvester 2018), leather (Saikumar 2002) and textile industries (Tian, Huang et al. 2022). There are different types of adhesives and mostly grouped under synthetic and natural adhesives based on their source of origins (Pataki-Hundt 2018), and mostly the industries now a day utilised synthetic adhesives (Ebnesajjad 2011) where these types of adhesives are harmful (Packham 2009), toxic (Masa Alogo Bindang 2008), non-renewable (Yang and Rosentrater 2015), and environmental unfriendly (Stoll, Schapaugh Jr et al. 2006) because they are derived from petroleum and natural gas based chemicals (Heinrich 2019), (Magalhães, Alves et al. 2019). According to (Xu, Guo et al. 2019) report, the demand of the synthetic adhesive is dramatically increased and worth US$ 60 Billion in FY 2021, and the effect on the environment and the workers also increased.
Recently, many scholars investigate different findings to combat the negative effect of petroleum based adhesive; and adhesive industries turn their eyes towards bio based adhesives (Arias, González-Rodríguez et al. 2021). Bio based adhesives are extracted from different bio sources like from animals (Rathi, Saka et al. 2019, Ramesh and Kumar 2020, Lutz, Kimna et al. 2022), plants (Magalhães, Alves et al. 2019, Zhang, Liu et al. 2019), and micro-organisms (Ramesh and Kumar 2020, Ma, Kou et al. 2023). Plant based bio adhesives are mostly either starch (Kruger and Lacourse 1990, Watcharakitti, Win et al. 2022) based or cellulose (Magalhães, Alves et al. 2019, Gong, Cheng et al. 2020) based in nature and the extraction leads to extinction of the plant. The investigations in (Dunky 2021, Raydan, Leroyer et al. 2021) presented that; Animal based adhesives are extracted from the collagenous part of an animal like from the gut, skins/hides, intestine, etc. (Kite 2006, Irshad and Sharma 2015) and Animal glues are one of the well-known animal based adhesive extracted from the hydrolysis of animal structural protein called collagen through alkaline (Mariod and Fadul 2013), acidic (Arnesen and Gildberg 2006), enzymatic (Alipal, Pu'Ad et al. 2021) or combined treatments of the collagen structure. Even though many researchers extract animal glues from the skins of an animal; the extracted glue has a limitations on microbial susceptibility (Eckelman 1999), weaker in bonding strength (Kumar and Leggate 2022), and its shelf life will be affected and this limits its applications. Investigations have been conducted by different researchers (Liu, Wang et al. 2016, Ren, Li et al. 2017, Wang, Liu et al. 2018) to modify the physical, chemical and antimicrobial properties but all modification uses chemicals that are costly, harmful, and harsh.
The present study is a continuous research from (Alemu, Tesfaye et al.) and focuses on production and optimisation of bio based adhesive from gelatine extracted previously from tannery solid waste blending with latex from Euphorbia Abyssinica plant to provide alternative adhesive for the hazardous synthetic adhesive.