The pathogenesis of preeclampsia is still unclear. The disease is heterogeneous, with distinct subtypes that vary in their multisystem pathophysiology. The study of these gene markers can provide a scientific basis for further understanding of the various subtypes of preeclampsia. A patient's blood type can be used as a biomarker to identify the risk of preeclampsia.
Pre-pregnancy obesity is an independent risk factor for PE. Lewandowska et al. [18] found that the pre-pregnancy BMI, when compared with other risk factors, was the most likely factor to increase the risk of preeclampsia. This study showed that the pre-pregnancy BMI was significantly higher in the PE group than those in the control group. Therefore, weight should be controlled before pregnancy. High pre-pregnancy BMI often leads to disorders of lipid metabolism during pregnancy. This study also showed that the level of cholesterol and triglyceride in the PE group were significantly higher than those in the control group. The patient’s weight should increase appropriately during pregnancy to reduce the occurrence of preeclampsia and ensure the safety of the mother and baby.
Many studies have shown that the ABO blood group play an important role in many diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases and nervous system diseases [19–20]. The associations between the ABO blood group and preeclampsia have also been investigated, but are not yet conclusive [21–22]. This study suggested that ABO blood group is associated with preeclampsia. This study found that among patients with preeclampsia, there were 30.2% blood type A, 36.3% B blood group, 16.2% AB blood group, and 17.3% O blood group. The incidence of preeclampsia in the non-O blood groups was significantly higher than that in the O blood group, and the difference was statistically significant.
Pregnancy is typically characterized by elevated serum levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides due to the action of hormones that provide fatty acid reserves for fetal growth and steroid synthesis in placental tissue. However, abnormal increases in blood lipid levels may increase the risk of maternal and infant complications. A study has found that dyslipidemia is closely related to preeclampsia [23]. This study also found that in the preeclampsia group, cholesterol and triglyceride levels were significantly higher than those in the control group. Therefore, pregnant women with high-risk pregnancies should be screened for early intervention at their prenatal examination.
This study found that the incidence of preeclampsia was higher in pregnant women with non-O blood group than in pregnant women with O blood group. And in the preeclampsia patients, the triglyceride and cholesterol levels in non-O blood group were significantly higher than those in O blood group. This suggests that non-O blood groups pregnant women are more likely to develop disorders of lipid metabolism, which increase the risk of preeclampsia. Genomic studies have shown that the adenosine triphosphate binding box subfamily A member 2 gene, the transmembrane lipid transporter regulator, plays a role in cholesterol metabolic homeostasis, and it happens to be located at chromosome 9Q34 along with the ABO blood group gene [24]. The ABO blood group gene can increase the concentration of plasma total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and the expression levels of Apo B and Apo E in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol by increasing the absorption rate of blood lipids. Among them, non-O blood group individuals have higher intestinal cholesterol absorption rates, leading to a higher cholesterol load and lipid metabolism disorders [25–26]. This may indicate the possible mechanism of non-O blood groups increases the risk of preeclampsia through elevated lipids.