SSI Analysis of Long-Term UHI Development Due To Urbanization Affecting Urban Ecosystem and Local Climate Change Through City of Izmir Case

8 Background: Urbanization provides several opportunities to human being to live better and comfortable life. On 9 the other hand, it also comes with some costs and side effects like worsening climate conditions. In the local sense, 10 the previous climatic conditions in the rural areas can be called the natural when the subsequent climatic conditions 11 after the widespread urbanization and the absorption of these natural areas are compared. So, during the 12 urbanization process, the natural conditions of the pre-urban areas are getting worse due to the civic activities in 13 the cities. One of the side effects of urbanization is thermal pollution caused by certain urban activities and sectoral 14 urban designs and also related patterns on the land surfaces of cities. Thus, thermal pollution changes city’s local 15 climate over time and negatively affects the city’s comfort level at least locally. There are several researches 16 focusing on that issue in cities. Each one made its contribution to the area to build up a strong knowledge. One 17 great contribution comes from the researches focusing on analyzing time serious thermal data with continuous 18 distribution over cities. 19 Method: Here in this research is introduced and suggested a Simulated Single Image (SSI) method based on 20 Simulated Single Data (SSD) statistical analyze approach for the studies based on time serious data. Therefore, 21 SSI method using time series data was applied to Remote Sensing (RS) LANDSAT satellites’ bands especially to 22 time series’ thermal bands of Izmir city to reveal where generally Urban Hot Spots (UHS) appear and Urban Heat 23 Islands (UHI) develop in the city. Stereo representation of the study region is also used to visually examine the 24 topographical effect on UHI distribution in the city. Since all those analyses depend on SSI analyse, all analyses 25 represent over and over time confirmation. 26 Conclusions: The study clearly demonstrated that industrial regions and roads with large surfaces, somehow bare 27 lands even with spare bushes, empty but sparse grassy urban lands and more significantly the urban land parts 28 faced to certain directions are the main urban land cover and structure types contributing UHSs to appear and UHI 29 developments in the city that are strongly confirmed over and over again with long term data. Thus, these 30 contributing factors adversely affect the previous natural climate in the lands that latter swallowed by the city and 31 then let UHSs to appear and UHIs to develop at and around where these urban land cover structures are located or 32 seen in the city over time. Those city parts are the riskiest zones that city authorities take serious actions for caring 33 their city chronical climate (thermal) conditions and to focus on for returning these zones back into their previous 34 natural climate and environment conditions. There are also some nature-based solutions that are given and 35 suggested in the conclusion section of the paper for compensation of the effects caused by those contributors in 36 the city.

thermal threat. Therefore, this study focuses on spatio-temporal analyses of local climate formation driven by thermal conditions in a city (here is Izmir) by the help of remote sensing (RS) data analyses (LANDSAT 5 and 8 time series images).

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Evapotranspiration is the process which water is transferred to the atmosphere by evaporation process from soil 178 and water and by transpiration from plants (Kalma et al., 2008;Zhang et al., 2016b). Therefore, it is also a natural 179 cooling process that decreases the surface temperature naturally (Santamouris et al., 2019;Miralles et al., 2011).

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As it is mentioned above, transformed land surfaces in cities mostly are impervious, which causes rain water water in its content (like plants) or holds some water as capillary process (like soil), temperature of the land is 195 transferred to that water content. This also means that the surface transfers and releases its temperature by using 196 its water content through evapotranspiration or transpiration and this process cools down that land part itself.

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Excluding impermeable surfaces due to rapid runoff, urban lands covered with soil and vegetation can hold some 198 water in their content. Thus, more heat energy is transferred to the air in impermeable urban areas, causing the 199 temperature of these areas to rise rapidly. It then negatively affects the local climate and comfort level in those   and open areas (like paved areas) and even barren lands, so those areas in cities are impervious areas as mentioned 208 above and in total they occupy large parts of a city especially in developing countries. This improper urban growth 209 in developing countries causes loss of woodlands lands and trees by replacing these areas with natural vegetation 210 with urbanized lands and results in significant increase in impermeable urban areas and therefore leads an increase 211 in surface radiant temperature (Kumar et al., 2012). So, as mentioned previously, most of these natural areas like 212 forest fields are transferred to urban areas with several types of city built-up materials such as concrete, stone and 213 most importantly metal and asphalt which significantly contribute UHI developments at where these types of 214 urbanized lands are in cities. This land cover change causes those areas absorb more heat than when they 215 intertwined with the nature. So, the increase in the urban land surfaces covered by artificial materials with high 216 heat capacity, and even the increase in these permeable surfaces which they can absorb heat during daylight time 217 much more than their previous natural stuations of these fields and heat release during anthropogenic cooling 218 processes even with high energy consumption in such urban area (such as using air conditioners) cause UHIs to 219 develop at these city parts and to severely affect the surrounding regions too (Takeuchi et al., 2010).

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The urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon is becoming increasingly important issue for most cities in the world 221 especially in developing countries in terms of global warming and therefore for global climate change. As it is 222 mentioned by Shahmohamadi et al. (2011) that they are the city regions under the threat of piling upto high 223 temperature in the way as discussed previously and therefore they are the city parts which are hotter than the rural 224 or natural areas surrounding the city. In other words, an urban heat island is a metropolitan area which is 225 significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas; thus, the higher urbanization leads to more distinct urban 226 heat islands with great temperature differences between urban and rural areas and even between these UHI sites 227 and the cool sites in cities. So, an urban heat island appears as urban area with relatively higher temperature in a 228 city, in comparison to temperatures of suburban and rural areas, which means the higher the urbanization level the 229 more prominent the UHI process (Pickett et al., 2011;Santamouris, 2013). Thus, one of the negative affects 230 appearing as UHSs and UHI developments over cities is because of significant decrease in the natural areas where 231 they turn into impervious built-up urban sites. These previously natural areas which recently turned into built areas 232 now start to absorb incoming radiation from the sun and then re-radiate that absorbed radiation back into the 233 surrounding environment much more than that in their previous natural conditions and consequently these 234 processes cause UHIs to build up in cities (Solecki et al., 2004;Gartland, 2008). Is short, buildings, concrete, time, solar energy is trapped due to these multiple reflections between the buildings which construct mentioned 296 urban canyons. Thus, the incoming solar radiation heats up such buildup areas in cities during daylight times of an 6/38 entire day especially in summer seasons and then some amount of this absorbed energy by the buildings and 298 impervious surface materials in the urban canyon streets are regenerated and radiated back as heat energy 299 especially at nights by the same buildings and materials in the street (Senanayake et al., 2013;Solecki et al., 2004; 300 Nie et al., 2016). Therefore rough, intricate and complex structure of urban valleys is another problem of urban 301 areas other than the reasons mentioned in the previous sections, which reduces the convective heat removal and 302 transfer by wind (Williams and Davis, 2007). According to the studies on that issue, it became a well-known and 303 well documented fact that urbanization progress has a significant effect on local weather and climate (Landsberg, 304 1981). Then urban heat island becomes one of most familiar reason causing local weather and climate change in 305 urban areas (Streutker, 2002). Therefore, it directly depends on degradation of natural environmental (Lu et al., 306 2009). As it is given above, an urban heat island is a metropolitan area which is significantly warmer than natural 307 lands surrounding these urbanized regions in a city; thus, the higher urbanization leads to more distinct urban heat 308 island development with extensive temperature differences between urban and these untouched lands (Koomen

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LST values in urbanized areas of a city differ during day, night and seasonal periods. The larger LST changes 323 are usually seen at night but not that large change seen in day time (Ayanlade, 2016). On the other hand, heat in 324 high magnitudes caused by some city lands with specific land cover types in day times may cause large UHI 325 developments especially during summer seasons in moderate climate zones (Majkowska et al., 2017). Heat island 326 affect is usually strongest during the summer times in the mid latitude cities as it is experienced in Izmir 327 (Corumluoglu et al., 2015). Some researchers showed that natural and anthropogenic activities in urban areas

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In the climate change studies, it is important to determine the changes in LST values at specific city land parts 332 during a period of time (Zhao et al., 2021). Identifying LST changes over time at regional levels is one of the key 333 requirements to analyze the local climate changes (Tan et al., 2020). LST is one of the most important 334 environmental parameters and is used for determination of energy exchange between the surface of the earth and 335 the lower layer of the atmosphere and this energy exchange is the most dominant factor controlling the local 336 climate and its changes over time (Jia G. et al., 2020). So, temporal monitoring of the LST distribution in a city 337 and then subsequent regional change analysis will reveal the suspected local climate change in the city (Mohan, 338 2000).

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As they are mentioned previously, here can also be summarized as those; buildup and impervious areas like 340 where buildings, concrete, asphalt structures are and some specific urban activity areas such as where industrial 341 activities are in cities become mainly the sources of urban heat island developments which effect wide areas in 342 cities and then change the regional climate at these city parts (Gartland, 2008). Even the transformation of natural 343 lands into pavements, buildings and other urban infrastructures decreases natural cooling in cities (Tsoka et al., 344 2020). Additionally, regional multi-storey adjoining building structure and pattern with narrow streets can heat the 345 air trapped between these buildings and also reduce airflow as mentioned above (Ujang et al., 2018; Kleerekoper 346 et al., 2012). In addition to the factors given above, heat released from vehicles, factories and air conditioners 347 warm up the surrounding city parts, further these additive effects are responsible for the heat island develop 348 severely especially at the UHI suspicious urban parts (Kershaw, 2017). Urban heat island becomes a driving factor 349 on regional weather and climate by altering local wind patterns, spurring the development of clouds and fog, 350 increasing the number of lightning events, and influencing the rates of precipitation (Liu and Zhang, 2011).

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Furthermore, the poor air quality that results from the increased energy usage for cooling in heat-island city parts 352 can cause discomfort for the residents and affect health, aggravating asthma and promoting other respiratory 353 illnesses (Liu and Zhang, 2011;Lin et al., 2010). Thus, one of the major problems in terms of segional severe 354 climate change over time and faced especially in developing countries that is generally ignored is the UHI 355 formation because of current conditions of the cities in these countries and we must straggle all together with this 356 problem without considering whether it is in micro or macro scales (Filho et al., 2018). UHI impact on cities then 357 became globally considerable (Chen et al., 2014;Peng et al., 2016). The impact of the heat island also appears in disturbance, community health, and altering climatic conditions in cities (Zhao and Chen, 2005). Conclusively, it can be suggested that UHI development in cities is a multi-criteria issue (Sangiorgio et al., 2020). Therefore, multicriteria analyses must be accounted for every aspect influencing UHI development (Putra et al., 2019). Nowdays, 362 having a digital database which is capable of UHI multi-criteria analyzes becomes the most promising strategy 363 that can work sufficiently and successfully for building up a sustainable future for our cities which are currently 364 under a severe UHI pressure and in fact, this strategy allows city authorities to promise and provide a reasonable 365 and liviable climate conditions for their resedents while being capable of fulfilling the needs of smart city and 366 information society as well.

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It is very important to conduct an urban heat island analysis and also evaluating its impact on urban 368 environment to prevent our cities from heat pollution (Ahmad and Goparaju, 2016). Thus, this analyzes and related 369 processes must have an important place in city planning projects to build up livable, sustainable and resilient cities 370 supported with natural environments for our city residents and for our future generations.

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There are also several studies for investigating UHI impact on urban environment, climate and weather and for

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However, rapid urbanization as mentioned earlier has altered the cities' local climate by increasing heat pollution 410 on lands and air consequently in cities (Ren, 2015). Since the development of city infrastructures and buildings

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The current strategies to minimize the UHI effects in cities are urban greening, the use of high-albedo building among those above helps to keep the regional temperature lower at the city sites where this action is applied to and at regions surroundings these sites than the developed impervious sites with no vegetation (Choi et al., 2012;

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Another important issue that needs more attention when greening strategy is being taken into consideration is 420 the maturity of trees (Rehan, 2016;Livesley et al., 2016). It is considered as a vital parameter to ensure lower

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As it is mentioned above sections, urbanization results in higher radiation absorption for the land part

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The aim of this study consequently became the evaluation of spatiotemporal distribution of urban heat islands 458 (UHISs) in the city of Izmir, Turkey. The study follows these steps: 1) temporal NDVI distribution maps for the 459 determination of emissivity to compute LST over time, NDVI from RS MS time series' images is required to map 460 the distribution of urban green areas and the green area changes to compute emissivity for spatiotemporal LST 461 data analyses; 2) LST spatiotemporal distribution pattern are obtain across the entire city by using the RS thermal

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The Landsat TM data from a long-life LANDSAT earth-observing satellite program is the most widely used 487 satellite images providing continuous LST data distribution even for an entire world so, full coverage for cities 488 and even as freely downloadable data from the website of US Geological Survey (USGS) (U.S. Geological Survey, 489 2020). Data from LANDSAT programs provides great advantages than the traditional meteorological data that it

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Here in this study, the spatial distribution of emissivity to reveal and to correct its effect on the LST values 526 distributed all over the entire city was obtained by help of NDVI distribution for the city of Izmir having Eigen 527 climate conditions which are similar to Mediterranean humid climate conditions, since the city of Izmir is located 528 on the Eigen sea coast of the western Turkey (Fiqure 1).

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First phase of this project was on demonstrating of LST distribution across the city of Izmir using only one day 530 data (LANDSAT multispectral image data) and representing which land use types contribute to UHI development 531 in the city. Even if one date data was used, our previous research's results emphasized that some industrial areas 532 especially with specific activities appeared as Urban Hot Stops (UHSs) affecting neighboring areas up to several 533 kilometers and causing UHIs to develop at those parts of the city (Corumluoglu et al., 2015). Here, in the current 534 stage of this ongoing project, it is investigated if the same founding is able to be confirmed by data of a long period 535 of time. Therefore, temporal remote sensing data is obtained and analyzed to reveal whether the results show up 536 with a similar output contributing our previous study outcomes thorough a certain period of time. Thus we will 537 have a robust argument to make strong and locationally precise suggestions to our city authorities who will then 538 take further actions by improving our city future plans taking into account such effective and reliable arguments 539 to be confirmed by our research outcomes to be being here in the example of Izmir city. Then we would have chance to prevent our city from heat pollution and make the city much more sustainable, comfortable and livable 10/38 one and even to cut our cooling bills further down in the future. By the decrease in energy consumption for such 542 cooling purposes, it means low greenhouse and carbon foot print effects and the saved nature or increased 543 environmental conditions of our city by given chance to nature based solutions. Thus, here in the current state of 544 the research it is not specifically focused on only UHSs, but also investigating the city regions under heavy UHI 545 developments in a long period of time to find out which specific city activities and urban land cover types cause 546 strong and significant UHI effects. Afterward, we will have a chance to take effective and correctly positioned 547 actions to prevent our city nature in a sustainable way from harmful side effects of anthropogenic activities like 548 UHIs.

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At the prevention stage, there are several suggestions given and applied by researchers in the literature to

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The studied city land in the province of Izmir covers almost 400 km2 urbanized area (the area covered by red 578 curved boundary in Fig. 1) around the Gulf of Izmir and the wide of the urbanized city part generally extend 3 to 579 5 km towards inlands all around the gulf. But at somewhere it reaches up to 10 -12 km, especially at the Sought 580 where the surrounding parts around the ancient city center (now called Konak) are. On the other hand, it shrinks 581 down to few kilometers at the North section of the city (where Karsiyaka district is and city newly developing 582 areas towards to the North are). This is probably because of local mountains running towards the Gulf. At those 583 parts of the city, in generally speaking, city stops extending at the forested lands where they begin to cover the 584 field and toward the tops of these mountainy areas because of the topography which rises rapidly, but not at low 585 altitude hilly lands. So, several hills next to the coast of Izmir Gulf are covered by city urban structures and 586 buildings. City also extents towards the valleys between these mountains at least at two locations more than 10 km 587 inlands of these valleys, the one is seen as city sprawl at the East part and the second is similar to the first but with 588 a wider sprawl at the South. The sprawl extending towards the north is not a sprawl extending into valley, this city 589 extension only follows the Gediz delta parts just right, next to the mountain slopes running into that plain delta 590 which are not smooth hilly terrains. Another, but very narrow urban sprawl with more vegetation cover can be 591 seen at the South. This is because of rough and high mountain slopes with forest covers running along very closely, 592 right next to the gulf coast. Other very narrow sprawl is also seen in the east valley formed by high mountain 593 slopes running towards Aegean Sea and ends up at the city center on the large plain coast formed by Gediz delta.

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All those descriptions for the urban area of Izmir city can be followed by the stereo illustration represented in Fig.   595 6a.

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The

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ALl : band-specific additive rescaling factor for conversion from DN to radiance (that can be obtained from the 715 metadata -RADIANCE_ADD_BAND_x, where x is the band number for LANDSAT 5's reflectance bands).

716
Mr : multiplicative rescaling factor for conversion from DN to reflectance (that can be obtained from the metadata 717 -REFLECTANCE_MULT_BAND and 2 x 10-5 for LANDSAT 8's reflectance bands).

718
Ar : additive rescaling factor for conversion from DN to reflectance (that can be obtained from the metadata -

725
Since this conversion procedure is band-specific it is individually applied to every pixel's brightness values

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(DNs) in each specific band image of a MS scene including bands of reflected wavelengths and thermal bands as 727 well.

Spectral radiance to reflectance conversion for the bands of reflected wavelengths
description, determination and discrimination of objects and their details and even properties of those objects and and by different sensors to eliminate the case dependent biases. So, the radiance to reflectance conversion process removes the cosine effect caused by changing solar zenith angles due to the time difference between sequential image acquisitions by satellites (Robinove, 1982). Reflectance is referred to a single band because of different 738 amount of irradiance reaching to the earth in every different wavelength range (so, called as band) from sun.

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Changing solar irradiance should also be accounted for the variation in the earth-sun distance between different

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Brightness Temperature to Land Surface Temperature conversion

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Since temperatures of objects on the earth surface are the main concern of UHI analyses, brightness temperature

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After producing time series emissivity images by following the instructions given in Table 2

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The regression slope is calculated by the least square method. The trend (or slope) formula is then given as  and similarly to that, slope also represents the change trend of the LST through again this time series data. When 950 these two statistical values are multiplied, than simulated single image is obtained for an entire time series data 951 set, but at that step, in fact it is referred to zero. For a realistic simulation, it must be shifted to mean value.

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Therefore, final simulated single value of the variable for the pixel in process must be computed just by adding 953 that statistical product term to the mean value from the values of the same pixel through the whole time series 954 image data to obtain simulated realistic LST value for a pixel in SSI image.

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After analyses of the results as SSI output of LST distributions to reveal the hot spots and heat island developments 959 in the urbanized areas of Izmir city over the years which these urbanized regions can be followed with the 960 delineated red boundary polygon in Fig. 6a presented as a 3D illustration, it is recognized that some specific parts 961 of the city are the most candidate and prone sites for the appearance of such hot spots and UHI developments. For the sake of easy following the relationship between land structures and/or covers and LST distribution and for the determination of hot spots and heat island developments in the Izmir urban areas, some parts of the city are grouped 20/38 tagged as CC, I, R and A in Fig. 5 (and in Fig. 6a as 3D illustration by a stereo image pair) which they represent 966 city center, industrial, residential and airport areas respectively. sites almost completely met with urban sites at where residential and some commercially active areas are, but none 986 is seen at the industrial regions. So, the research pointed out that even the city has 7 industrial sites ( Fig. 5 and 6a)

987
none of them appears in these cool sites. This is a significant result even if it represents only a SSI of LST 988 distribution it is actually an output from 32 years of time series LANDSAT thermal data analyses ( Fig. 6b and 6c 989 and Fig. 7). Thus, urban parts where industrial activities are in the city almost entirely contribute to and coincide 990 with heat island developments in the city. So, generally these sites cause hot spots to appear first and then 991 accumulation heat problem which ends up with heat pollution as heat island and finally distribution of this heat 992 pollution towards neighboring urban areas next to these industrial sites in the city and effect these neighboring 993 zones in great extents (in some cases up to 5-10 km) (Fig. 6a and 6b and Fig. 7). This outcome also confirms our

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Fig. 9 also represents these subsections in detail with related letter tags A to K as shown in Fig. 8. Every tagged 1016 part seen in the Fig. 9 shows details of the urban structures at that specific urbanized city parts in RGB color image 1017 form along with thematic representation of detailed SSI LST distribution related to that specific city part. Fig. 9 1018 shows the details of every city urban subsection with corresponding tag given in Fig. 8 as mentioned above and 1019 also highlights some areas with specific urban structures in these subsections by marking them with black and Fig. 9, there are several hot areas which they also contribute the heat island development covering almost entirely 1024 this A tagged subsection in the city. In fact, this A tagged area is almost entirely covered by one of the industrial 1025 areas among several others in the city. The buildings in this region are generally single-storey industrial buildings 1026 with high ceiling and large metal roof tops. Because of that, when they are generally exposed to solar energy during 1027 daylight times in summer seasons, they absorb the solar energy in great extent and are heated up extremely, then 1028 start to reradiate this absorbed great amount of energy as thermal energy back into the surrounding environment.
1029 Therefore, they appear as hot spots contributing the heat island developments in the whole subsections of the city 1030 which are tagged with A to E as shown in Fig. 9. Almost all of the industrial regions in the city are the regions 1031 labeled with "I" as shown in the tagged RGB images in Fig. 9 w.r.t. the tags in Fig. 8.

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developments are the roads. When the wide of an asphalt roads becomes larger as it is being experienced with highways and since the city of Izmir has a long one of them as a ring highway which some cases it occupies surrounding terrains around and at the city boundaries and even with large highway junctions at several locations, then they become other group of most suspicious candidate urban structures causing hot spots to emerge and also 3D illustration of SSI-LST distribution over the city in Fig. 9 and Fig. 10. This is probably the most important

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As it can be seen from the Fig. 13

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°C higher than those in the coolest sites where they are generally seen at the lands covered by trees in residential 1170 areas on flat or smooth terrains without any industrial activities (they are the areas appearing in dark blue color 1171 and are marked whit dotted arrows in Fig. 10) and on slopes facing towards north, west or northwest directions 1172 ( Fig. 6c and 13).

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The sites with industrial facilities using heat for their specific industrial processes and building structures with   (Fig. 5, Fig. 6a and Fig. 11). High values in a NDVI image is first highly dependent on existence of vegetation and

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There is also another contributing factor that carries UHI developments to further severe levels. It is the 1213 influence of land aspects depending on the topographical structure of urban lands. If urban land located on a hill 1214 slope facing towards either East, South or South-East, these land parts heat up by sun during day time but not 1215 losing their temperature during the night times especially in summer seasons and then daily heat accumulates on 1216 top of the previous times' temperature which could not reduce much during night times (Fig. 10). This process

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There is another outcome of this study which is about building structure and building site design pattern.

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Depending on the SSI-LST analyses here, a dwelling site in Izmir represents quite a cool region. A certain layout 1233 pattern of this site consists of several apartment blocks in a discrete order with large common areas between the 1234 buildings. These common areas include not paved surfaces (usually which are not encountered in most cases) but 1235 green spaces with mature trees which are tall and having large canopy. Other sites with similar layout pattern (even 1236 next to this site in Izmir) but with paved surfaces between building blocks as car parking areas appear as one of 1237 the contributors of UHI development in the region (Fig. 12). In addition to that, the residential areas supported with commercial activities and buildings and also dwelling units (as apartment blocks, houses and etc.) generally

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show relatively cool local climates being contrary to the situations encountered in the regions under severe UHI 1240 pressures and with suspicious urban structures mentioned earlier since these cool sites include discrete or even row 1241 housing buildings and apartment blocks with low-rise storey and generally with tile roofs and most importantly 1242 they are recreationally supported by mature and large canopy trees which are closely planted around and just next 1243 to the buildings and also at the sides of the streets between these dwelling apartments and houses in the region.
with the heights of low-rise and high-rise storey buildings (no matter they are for dwelling or commercial purposes) 1246 and closely planted mature trees for creating significant amount of shadowy regions in these urban sites which are 1247 generally located on almost slightly rough terrains in the city (areas with blueish colors and marked by ellipses 1248 seen in Fig. 10).

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Suggestions for the mitigating the UHI impact on city local climate

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As an essence from this study, one can come up with a conclusion such as that, if there would be no industrial sites  focuses on a future urban forest plantation plan (to grow urban forest) to be taken into consideration at those 1268 industrial sites as a priority to mitigate the negative effect of heat islands at and around and even at where they 1269 accumulate in cities in an effective, an efficient and a sustainable way. It then promises providing thermal comfort 1270 for the residents living close to these sites, reducing sera effect, contributing prevention of climate change,

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increasing energy save, reducing fossil fuel usage and many more. This will also increase the current city rank to 1272 a city rank which is more resilient, sustainable, livable and etc. by only using nature based solutions; tree plantation 1273 in a compatible pattern so tall and mature trees with large canopy coverage. This sort of nature based solutions can 1274 also be suggested for the highway sides and surrounding terrains as well. In addition to that especially in the 1275 industrial zone with large and wide roof and even not tiled but roofing with metal materials it can be suggested 1276 some more solutions as those followings to reduce heat causing UHS appearance and UHI development and then 1277 to prevent our cities from heat pollution and to restore local climate as comfortable as at the times when people south-east directions (Fig. 7).

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As it is discussed earlier, LST shows a negative strong correlation with NDVI (Fig. 11). Moreover, most of the 1302 UHIs even from SSI analyzes are found within none vegetated areas in the Izmir city urban lands appearing as 1303 ecologically stressed zones when low vegetated areas seen as low NDVI values in Fig. 11 were compared with the 1304 areas in high LST values in Fig. 7. The natural vegetated areas such as forest and agricultural areas found at and 1305 around the boundary of urbanized lands of Izmir city as seen in the SSI NDVI image (Fig. 11) appear with low 1306 radiant temperatures in the SSI LST image (Fig. 7), so even these long period of data used in this study (compare 1307 the areas in Fig. 7 and Fig. 11). Dense vegetation can prevent lands to store high amount of heat in the case bare 1308 soil or land and also surfaces with dense vegetation let lose high amount of heat through evapotranspiration w.r.t.

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the results of the study concluded with that the textures of land cover and land use types and also changes in land 1310 use and land cover can have profound effects on the surface radiant temperature (Buyadi et al., 2013), here in this 1311 study this is also strongly approved by SSI analyses depending on long period of data. In the same study it is also 1312 mentioned that vegetation regulates the radiant temperature in the zones surrounding them up to 100 meters 1313 towards built-up areas depending on type and density of vegetation and also water body helps lowering the surface 1314 radiant temperature as well. According to the study here using the long period of data, it is shown that UHI effects 1315 can reach up to several kilometers from the UHSs by contributing one another into the neighboring regions. So, 1316 the LST differences between UHI regions like built-up areas and barren lands and cool sites like vegetated areas 1317 reach up to 7.85°C w.r.t. analyses of the standard deviation differences (Fig. 13). The vegetation mitigates high 1318 temperature in urban areas by its regulating effect ( Fig. 7 and 11). An initiative to replace of loss of natural green 1319 spaces is a must in sustainable urbanization approach which offers nature based solutions for such kind of city 1320 problems. Thus, such studies could provide an insight and create perception on the effects of vegetation for 1321 mitigating UHI phenomenon in built-up areas and could assist decision makers or planners to plan our cities for a 1322 sustainable future with those smart technologies supported by Geospatial Technologies (GeoTech).

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The results are shown here are the early outcomes of the current stage of the project on local climate change in project. First, it will be analyzed the change trend of specific urban lands turned into impervious urban areas (such previous natural lands which are urbanized in time by using time serious data of combined NDVI-build-up index 1336 algorithm to analyze the impact of above mentioned suspicious urban land cover types on UHI developments. So 1337 that, this will let us to find out how effective of each suspicious land type is on UHI development. So, the outcome 1338 of this research will help us to develop a heat pollution warning system for smart and sustainable future and calm 1339 local climate conditions for our cities.