Based on independent t-test analysis, there were no significant differences between both group in all variables in the pre-test (p > 0.05), in except QOL (p = 0.002, t = 3.729) that ANCOVA was used to analysis QOL.
A repeated measure ANOVA with a Sphericity assumed correction determined that there was no a significant difference in weight, WHR, and BMI in control (CON) and experimental (EXP) groups with small effect sizes when the interaction of time × group for mean values was considered (F [1, 16] = 1.448, p = 0.256, d = 0.083), (F [1, 16] = 0.000, p = 1.00, d = 0.00), and (F [1, 16] = 1.852, p = 0.192, d = 0.104), respectively). In addition, in both CON and EXP groups, the paired sample test analysis did not showed a significant difference in weight (t=-0.137, p = 0.895 and t = 0.68, p = 0.517 respectively), WHR (t = 0.607, p = 0.563 and t = 1.861, p = 0.096 respectively), and BMI (t= -0.244, p = 0.814 and t = 1.782, p = 0.104 respectively) from pre- to post- test (see Fig. 1 and Table 3). Based on percentage changes, independent t-test outputs did not show a significant difference in weight (p = 0.206 and d = 16), WHR (p = 0.0.981 and d = 16), and BMI (p = 0.206 and d = 16) between CON and EXP groups.
The obtained results from special factors of migraine disease namely migraine indices including; intensity (INT), frequency (FRQ), and duration (DUR), a repeated measure ANOVA with a Sphericity assumed correction determined that there was a significant difference in INT, FRQ, and DUR in CON and EXP groups with large effect sizes when the interaction of time × group for mean values was considered (F [1, 16] = 6.202, p = 0.024, d = 0.279), (F [1, 16] = 14.87, p = 0.001, d = 0.482), and (F [1, 16] = 4.661, p = 0.046, d = 0.226), respectively). In addition, the paired sample test analysis showed a significant difference in migraine indices including INT (t = 3.214, p = 0.011), FRQ (t = 4.249, p = 0.002), and DUR (t = 2.848, p = 0.019), from pre- to post- test, although there was no significant difference in migraine indices in CON group (p > 0.05) from pre- to post- test (see Fig. 2 and Table 3). Based on percentage changes, independent t-test outputs showed a significant difference in migraine indices including INT (p = 0.045, d = 16), WHR (p < 0.001, d = 16), and BMI (p = 0.024 and d = 16) between CON and EXP groups.
Table 3
the parameters obtained from pre- and post-training protocol
Groups Variables | CON (N = 8) | EXP (N = 10) | p-value (ES) |
time | group | T × g |
weight |
Pre-test Post-test % changes | 60 ± 9.30 60.07 ± 9.34 0.12 | 64.11 ± 13.18 63.35 ± 13.83 -1.18 | 0.33 (0.057) | 0.52 (0.026) | 0.24 (0.083) |
WHR |
Pre-test Post-test % changes | 0.76 ± 0.03 0.76 ± 0.04 -0.64 | 0.75 ± 0.04 0.74 ± 0.04 -0.66 | 0.22 (0.091) | 0.36 (0.052) | 1.00 (000) |
BMI |
Pre-test Post-test % changes | 23.04 ± 4.15 23.09 ± 4.26 0.21 | 25.03 ± 4.43 24.72 ± 4.62 -1.24 | 0.33 (0.058) | 0.39 (0.045) | 0.19 (0.104) |
Headache intensity |
Pre-test Post-test % changes | 53.75 ± 26.73 50.87 ± 15.44 -5.34 | 67.70 ± 37.59 28.80 ± 25* -57.45 | 0.011 (0.343) | 0.72 (0.008) | 0.024ᵠ (0.279) |
Headache frequency |
Pre-test Post-test % changes | 10.25 ± 2.91 11.37 ± 3.54 10.97 | 13.20 ± 4.49 7 ± 2.62* -46.96 | 0.017 (0.309) | 0.60 (0.017) | 0.001ᵠ (0.482) |
Headache duration |
Pre-test Post-test % changes | 69.37 ± 33.78 61.12 ± 26.69 -11.89 | 125.60 ± 84.84 44 ± 49.67* -64.96 | 0.018 (0.304) | 0.35 (0.055) | 0.046ᵠ (0.226) |
QOL |
Pre-test Post-test % changes | 52 ± 7.91 49.87 ± 9.17 -4.08 | 40.80 ± 4.75 65.90 ± 10.56* 61.51 | 0.001 (0.622) | 0.42 (0.033) | 0.001ᵠ (0.698) |
Chest press |
Pre-test Post-test % changes | 18.64 ± 3.90 18.26 ± 4.71 -2.03 | 20.84 ± 5.09 30.19 ± 5.58*† 44.82 | 0.002 (0.465) | 0.002 (0.465) | 0.000ᵠ (0.984) |
Leg press |
Pre-test Post-test % changes | 113.27 ± 23.67 111.44 ± 13.08 -1.61 | 125.67 ± 30.06 176.36 ± 20.22*† 40.33 | 0.000 (0.568) | 0.001 (0.507) | 0.000ᵠ (0.603) |
Data are expressed as mean ± SD. ES, effect size. CON, control group; EXP, experimental group; QOL, quality of life.
*significant difference within group; †significant difference between groups;
ᵠ significant difference in time × group
There was similarity observed a statistically significant interaction in quality of life (QOL). ANCOVA analysis showed there were a significant intergroup differences at QOL (F[1, 16] = 13.903, p = 0.002, d = 0.465), in CON and EXP groups with large effect sizes. In addition, the paired sample test analysis showed a significant difference in QOL from pre- to post- test in EXP group (t= -6.953, p < 0.001), Not in CONT group (p > 0.05) from pre- to post- test (see Fig. 2 and Table 3). Based on percentage changes, independent t-test outputs showed a significant difference in QOL (p < 0.001, d = 16) between CON and EXP groups. It is worth mentioning that the rate of change percent in EXP group was 61.51%.
Finally, as it is pointed out in Fig. 3 and Table 3, t × g interaction in both chest and leg presses was significant (p = 0.001). A repeated measure ANOVA with a Sphericity assumed correction determined that there was a significant difference in upper body strength (chest press) and lower body strength (leg press) in CON and EXP groups with large effect sizes when the interaction of time × group for mean values was considered ((F [1, 16] = 44.446, p < 0.001, d = 0.735) and (F [1, 16] = 24.301, p < 0.001, d = 0.603), respectively). In addition, the paired sample test analysis showed a significant difference in chest press (t=-8.646, p < 0.001) and leg press (t=-7.333, p < 0.001) from pre- to post-test, but no significant difference for chest press and leg press was observed in CON group (p > 0.05) from pre- to post-test (see Fig. 3 and Table 3). Based on percentage changes, independent t-test outputs showed a significant difference in chest press (p < 0.001, d = 16) and leg press (p = 0.001, d = 16), between CON and EXP groups.