Nano composites of PAM Reinforced with Al 2 O 3

: The aim of this investigation is to determine how different weight percentages of alumina nanoparticles, including 0.02, 0.04, and 0.06 percent wt, affect the physical characteristics of Poly Acrylamide (PAAM). Using a hot plate magnetic stirrer, 10 g of poly acrylamide powder was dissolved in 90 g of di-ionized distillate water for 4 hours to produce PAAM with a concentration of 0.11 g/ml. Four sections of the resulting solution, each with a volume of 20 ml, were created. Each solution was added independently with alumina nanoparticles in different ratios 0.0, 0.02, 0.04, and 0.06 to create four nano fluid solutions with different alumina nanoparticle contents based on each weight percent. The hand casting process for nanocomposites samples, which entailed pouring the prepared solution into an appropriate plastic mold, allowing it to cure for 24 hours, and then cutting the resulting thin film according to each test, was used to create the nano composited membranes. The tensile test was used to study tensile strength, Young's modulus, elongation, and toughness. Additionally, a test using Fourier transition infrared radiation (FTIR) was conducted to examine the chemical and physical connections between polyacrylamide and alumina nanoparticles. The morphology of the materials was examined using scan electron microscopy. The contact angles of samples were tested to limit the hydrophilicity behavior of these samples. To control the hydrophilicity behavior of these samples, the contact angles of the samples were evaluated. The results showed that including alumina nanoparticles into the PAAM matrix improves the mechanical characteristics of the resulting nanocomposites. Tensile strength increases from 1 GPa to 2.5 GPa with an increase in alumina nanoparticle content from 0 to 0.06 percent wt. For the same prior ratios, Young's modulus likewise increased, rising from 1.3 to 2 GPa. For the higher weight ratio of alumina nanoparticles (0.04 percent wt), toughness rises to 240 J/cm2. On the other hand, the addition of alumina nanoparticles increased the PAAM surface's contact angle from 55 degrees to 67 degrees, and it exhibited hydrophilic behavior


Introduction:
Materials known as nanocomposites mix nanoparticles with a matrix of basic material.The nanomaterials are added to the basic materials in order to enhance their properties and get additional qualities for the new nanocomposites materials that are produced.The addition of nanoparticles improved the mechanical, thermal, optical, and antibacterial properties of nanocomposites because dimensionality significantly influences material properties [1][2][3][4][5][6] Water-repellent or water-repellent qualities are how materials react to water [7][8] .In contrast to hydrophobic materials, which tend to reject water and have self-cleaning surfaces, hydrophilic materials tend to form hydrogen bonds with water and have a contact angle of less than 90 degrees [9][10] .The nanoscale has a diameter of around 10 -9 m, which is an extremely small range in material size and corresponds to the atomic level of matter.The characteristics of materials are improved by reducing their dimension and increasing their surface energy, which results in a nanocomposite that is more homogeneous and integrated with the matrix materials 11 .Nanocomposites are employed in storage regions that depend on storage capacity for a variety of applications, including shock protection and greater durability.The biological and antibacterial properties of nanoparticles are essential to biological domains 12 .Numerous studies in various branches of nanotechnology have been published, such as the use of nano-TiO2 as anti-bacterial food packaging materials by Rehim and Alhamidi 13 , whose also evaluate the use of TiO2 nanoparticles for Enviro nmental cleaning 13 .Ricardo J et al 14 , they prepared an simple and cheap nanocomposote of copper incorporated with bio cellulose polymer for antibacterial activity versus Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumonia, they concluded the activity of antibacterial increased with increasing the copper content in nanocomposites 13 .Shokry J 14 , studied the zinc oxide nanoparticles as novel materials for antibacterial nanocomposites membrane as wound dress.In 2013, Ricardo J 14 , prepared a straightforward and inexpensive copper nanocomposote with biocellulose polymer for antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumonia.They came to the conclusion that the antibacterial activity increased with increasing the copper content in nanocomposites 14 .Zinc oxide nanoparticles were investigated by Shokry J 14 as innovative materials for antibacterial nanocomposites membrane as wound dressing.For testing, they used various weight ratios ranging from 5% to 30% w/v to the nanocomposites that had been created.In this search, SEM, FTIR, XRD, and antibacterial activities were evaluated.They come to the conclusion that the antibacterial activity enhanced as ZnO nanoparticle content in nanocomposites increased 15 .Using polyacrylic acid and kaolin nanoparticles, Barbooti 15 , investigated the fabrication and characterisation of nano composite thin films for removing heavy metals from water.The use of nano kaolin improves the mechanical qualities (tensile strength, shore D hardness, and workability).Additionally, sorption effectiveness was investigated.The following conditions were ideal for the maximum sorption efficiency: pH: 10.0 g L-1 of sorbent and 100 minutes of contact 16 .

Materials and Method:
As a white powder with medium Mw, (N251) and Nonionic type, polyacrylamide (C3H5NO) was employed as a matrix material.It is a biomaterial with hydrophilic properties.The SIGMA Aldrich manufacturer supplied nano-Al2O3 with a purity of 99.7% and a diameter of 100 nm, and diionized distilled water was used as the solvent.10 grams of polyacrylamide powder were dissolved in 90 grams of di-ionized distill water using a hot plate magnetic stirrer for four hours, yielding concentrations of polyacrylamide of 0.11 g/ml.The resulting mixture was divided into 5 portions, each 20 ml in volume.For the purpose of creating four nanofluid solutions with various alumina nanoparticle contents in accordance with each weight percentage, alumina nanoparticles in varied ratios 0.0, 0.02, 0.04, and 0.06 were combined with each solution independently.The nano composited membranes were made using the hand casting process for nanocomposites samples, which involved pouring the prepared solution into the appropriate plastic mold and letting it sit for 24 hours to cure.The membranes were then cut to size for each test (tensile test with dimensions of 2 x 5 cm2, FTIR, SEM, and contact angle with dimensions of 1 x 1 cm 2 ).

Results and Discussions: FTIR analysis
Fig. 1 displays the FTIR spectra of pure PAAM and the resulting nanocomposite membrane enhanced with 0.06 percent Al2O3.We can observe the absorption peak at 3600 cm -1 , which is caused by the polyacrylamide's NH2 stretching vibrations, as well as peaks at 1048 to 1600 cm -1 , which are caused by the amide I C=O stretching, the amide II N-H deformation, and the amide's C-N stretching, and three minor peaks at 2930, 1447, and 1414 cm -1 , which are caused, respectively, by the polyacrylamide's C-H 17 .Alumina nanoparticles act as a cross-linker between Polyacrylamide chains, allowing for more diffusion between them, as seen in SEM images of nanocomposites sample reinforced with 0.6 percent of nano alumina in Fig2.c.The black curve represents the FTIR spectrum of (Polyacrylamide + 0.6 percent wt Al2O3) 18

Mechanical Properties
Table .1, and Fig. 3 a-d, show the mechanical properties of polyacrylamide and its nanocomposites which tested by tensile test.We observe that the mechanical properties of PAAM are enhanced by the addition of alumina nanoparticles; however, elongation declines as the nanoparticle ratio rises because the action of alumina nanoparticles with 0.04 & 0.06 percent wt.prevents chain motion by causing cross-linking to take place between them.We also discover that the tensile strength and toughness increase as the weight ratio of alumina nano -particles rises due to the greater absorption energy needed for sample breakdown.The Young's modulus increases when the weight ratio of alumina nanoparticles does so because diffusion between the polymer chains occurred as a result of the crosslinker alumina nanoparticles' action 20 .The contact angle of PAAM and its composites is shown in Figs.4a-d.Fig 4b shows how adding a very small amount of Al2O3 (0.01% wt) makes the PAAM matrix hollow and reduces the contact angle from 55° for pure PAAM to 44.94° for PAAM with 0.02 wt NPs (Fig. 4b).On the other hand, the contact angle increases to 63.644 o when the alumina nanoparticle weight ratio is increased to 0.04 percent weight (Fig. 4c), and it climbs to 67.238o with 0.06 percent weight (Fig. 4d).This is caused by PAAM chain diffusion, which was triggered by alumina cross linker nanoparticles, as shown in

FigureFigure 3 .
Figure a: tensile strength of Nanocomposites samples