Revitalizing Old Facades: Innovations in Facade System Installation and Preservation

This article presents a novel approach to enhancing the aesthetic appeal and longevity of old building facades through the installation of a new facade system. The study aims to improve the appearance of buildings while safeguarding the integrity of existing facades and mitigating various associated challenges. The methodology involves a detailed analysis of the oldfacade'scondition,selectionofappropriatematerialsandtechnologiesforthenewsystem, and implementation strategies for seamless integration. Results indicate significant improvements in building aesthetics, increased durability, and reduced maintenance costs. The implications of this research extend to urban planning, heritage preservation, and sustainable architectural practices, offering valuable insights for architects, engineers, and policymakers globally. Highlights:


Introduction
This renovation option provides for the installation of a new facade system directly on the old facade and is fundamentally different from the "replacement of the facade system", which, as the name implies, provides for the replacement of the old facade with a new facade system.The installation of a new facade system on the old facade of the building is designed to provide the following advantages: 1. reduction of heat loss through the facade of the building and ensuring compliance with modern standards of thermal insulation; 2. improving the appearance of the building; 3. protection of the old facade of the building, including prevention of water leakage; 4. minimal discomfort for residents during renovation.
In the new facade system installed on the old facade of the building, various materials can be used, including composite panels (or sandwich panels) and metal cassette panels, as shown in Figure 1.Thermal insulation is placed behind the new facade system and attached to the wall of the building using the necessary means of protection from weather influences.

Methods
As a rule, a new facade system involves the installation of an additional frame, which is attached either directly to the old facade, or, preferably, to the floor slabs or load-bearing elements of the building structure.This is better than attaching the frame of a new facade system to a potentially weak old facade.The height of the frame modules is taken from the calculation of the height of the building floor and when installed on the building, the necessary adjustment is made in place, taking into account the irregularities of the existing facade [1].
New metal facade systems have already been installed on many residential and commercial buildings, as well as buildings of educational institutions, in particular in the UK and Scandinavia, according to this principle.Usually, the renovation of the building is carried out in a comprehensive manner and simultaneously with the installation of a new facade system on the old facade of the building, the roof is reconstructed.New windows are also being installed in the building, which significantly increases overall energy savings.
The operational necessity of installing a new facade system on the old facade is largely dictated by the need to significantly increase the thermal insulation of the building, prevent water from entering and removing moisture from the building or the old facade.

Figure 1. Examples of installing new facade systems on old facades of buildings with concrete wall panels. The new facade systems consist of horizontal metal panels
The construction of superstructures and the reconstruction of the roof."Roofreconstruction" is the creation of a new roof structure on an existing building.Most often, the reasons for the reconstruction of roofs are the poor performance of the existing roof (for example, water leaks) and the desire to use the space under the roof, for example, for utilities or new apartments.The design of the new roof is largely determined by the purpose of the space under it, i.e. whether it will be residential or not.The benefits of having a new space in a building often pay off all the costs of organizing it.During the reconstruction of the roof, lightweight steel frames can be used in the following variants: [2] a. Often (closely) located trusses (rafters) between the facade walls; b.Rarely located trusses (rafters) between the facade walls and girders resting directly on them; c. portal frames or other stable systems supported by columns around the perimeter; d. lightweight steel structure supported by a grillage of steel beams supported by individual columns at the bottom.
Farms can be simple pitched (such as Fink or Prat) or attic, giving more usable space.For the construction of superstructures on a building, it is usually best to use lightweight steel structures supported by steel beams that overlap the existing flat or slightly pitched roof as shown in Fig. 2.

Figure 2. Two-storey superstructure made of light steel frame on an existing building, Rotterdam
Modular systems for building renovation.Superstructures on buildings can be easily erected using modular or "volumetric" systems.These systems are self-supporting vertically, but are supported by the existing structure on the sides.As a rule, the modules of these systems have a width of up to 3.6 m, so they are easily transported without special escort and also easily climb buildings.The cladding on the modules can be installed in advance or on site.The best results from the use of such modular systems for building renovation have been achieved in Scandinavia.The popularity of modular systems for building superstructures is steadily growing in the UK and recent examples include medium-sized hotels and social housing projects [3].

A. Result
The installation of a new facade system on the old facade assumes very accurate results of the inspection of the exterior walls of the building.This is necessary so that all parts fit exactly in size without the need for on-site refinement.Therefore, a study was conducted on the factors affecting the accuracy of laser scanning.As part of this study, it was necessary to confirm that laser scanning technology is capable of providing sufficient resolution and accuracy of measurement results for the design and production of assembly units of a steel facade system for installation on the old facade of a building.The existing steel facade systems designed for installation on old facades of buildings allow for a deviation in size at the attachment points within 5 mm in all directions.Accordingly, the technologies used to inspect the facade of the building must ensure compliance with these tolerances.The steel cladding panels of the facade system have a smooth, even surface, and any unevenness or curved seam between them will be immediately noticeable to the naked eyec [4].
As a rule, buildings requiring renovation in the form of a new facade system are very tall, so manual inspection of their facades is fraught with great difficulties.This problem can be solved by laser scanning technology, which can provide the required accuracy of the results.

B. Discussion
This technology allows you to perform three-dimensional measurements from a certain distance and, provided the results are accurate enough, can be an important tool for collecting data necessary for the design and production of parts of a prefabricated steel facade system for installation on old facades of large buildings.
The accuracy of a high-resolution laser scanning system is determined by a number of factors.Since the defining technical feature of the laser scanning system, which distinguishes it from traditional building inspection tools, is high detail, the following factors can be clearly identified: [5] a. Scanning density and spot size (or beam diameter); b. interference; c. edge effects (distortion at the edges); d.Resolution; ISSN 2598-9936 (online), https://ijins.umsida.ac.id, published by Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo Copyright © Author(s).This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY).9/10