Exploiting Seasonal Varieties of Tomato Cultivation for Enhanced Yield and Nutritional Impact in Uzbekistan

This comprehensive study investigates the varied seasonal tomato cultivars of Uzbekistan, characterizing their cultivation practices and vegetative periods. Given tomatoes' notable dietary value, a detailed examination of more than 1,000 different varieties was conducted, drawing attention to their growth in both open and protected environments. Leveraging global agricultural data, with a specific focus on leading tomato producers like China, USA, India, Turkey


Introduction
Tomatoes, originally hailing from Ecuador and Peru in South America, hold a significant place in the agricultural landscape of Uzbekistan, where they account for more than 40% of the total vegetable cultivation area [1].As the predominant vegetable crop, tomatoes are grown in excess of 200,000 hectares, with 45.8% of vegetable cultivation zones allocated specifically for tomatoes.The average yield stands at 24 tons per hectare, demonstrating the viability and productivity of this crop [2].In fact, tomatoes grown in greenhouses represent a leading export agricultural product, emphasizing their economic importance.The biological characteristics of the tomato plant contribute to its widespread cultivation.
The root system of a tomato is impressively branched, capable of penetrating up to 150 cm into the soil, and extending in diameter from 1.5 to 2.5 meters.Moreover, the tomato's stem can either grow upright or lay down, with varying degrees of branching and lengths ranging from 30 cm to 2-3 meters, contingent on the stem type [3].If sufficient moisture is present, roots can appear from all parts of the stem, allowing for propagation through seeds or vegetatively.Regarding the structure of the stem and leaves, tomatoes are categorically divided into three types: stemmed, stemless, and potato-leaved.Stemmed tomatoes have thick, minimally branched stems that can bear the weight of the fruit; stemless tomatoes, in contrast, have thin, highly branched stems and the fruit sags under its own weight; potato-leaved tomatoes exhibit large leaves [4].

Discussion
Further, based on the pattern of growth and flowering, tomato stems are classified into determinant types (where both the main stem and side branches grow moderately and end with the formation of flowers) and indeterminate types (where the main stem grows vigorously and the side branches can extend up to 2-3 meters when pruned) [5].Open fields are typically used for determinant varieties, while indeterminate varieties are generally grown in greenhouses.Flowering in tomatoes is an intriguing process, with bisexual, small, yellow flowers typically having 5-7 petals and a cone-shaped structure housing 5-6 pinnae [6].An interesting characteristic in most cultivars is the positioning of the gynoecium within the cone of stamens, leading to approximately 95% self-pollination of the tomato crop [7].
However, under certain circumstances like unfavorable weather conditions or specific cultivar traits, the gynoecium may be situated higher than the stamens, facilitating cross-pollination via insects or wind.Fruits may be two-, three-, or multi-chambered, with weights ranging from 50 to 1000 grams and colors spanning red, pink, yellow, purple, white, and even black [8].Given that tomatoes are thermophilic, they thrive best in temperatures of 20-25 °C and relative humidity of 40-65%.Temperature fluctuations beyond this range can lead to significant growth impairments.Furthermore, tomatoes are heliophilous and hence, their growth is detrimentally affected when cultivated in the shade [9].
Tomato cultivation features an array of unique and versatile varieties, with several of these species originating from Uzbekistan [10].Varieties such as "Kind of Friendship," "Surkhan-142," "Uzbekistan Variety," and "Sample-70 Navi" present distinct characteristics in terms of growth periods, bush types, fruit shapes, sizes, weights, and productivity levels [11][12].This rich diversity caters to a broad spectrum of culinary applications and environmental conditions, contributing to the adaptability of tomato cultivation [13].
The "Kind of Friendship" is an early variety, with a growth period spanning 95 to 100 days.This type features a determinate, stemmed bush with potato-like leaves and yields round, dark red fruits that are smooth and firm, each weighing approximately 80 to 90 grams.This variety is renowned for its high productivity, reaching an impressive 40 to 45 tons per hectare [14].Originating in Uzbekistan and registered in 2009, it is recommended for planting across the country and yields a bountiful harvest in temporary film-covered and open fields [15]."Surkhan-142," on the other hand, is a medium variety with a growth period of 110 to 115 days.It boasts a semideterminate, upright-growing bush, potato-like leaves, and yields flat-round and rounded fruits, each weighing 120 to 140 grams [16] [17].The productivity of this variety is a notable 55 to 60 tons per hectare, and it is suitable for both consumption and processing [18][19.A product of Uzbekistan and Russia, this variety was registered in 1994 and is recommended for planting in the Bukhara, Surkhondary, and Tashkent regions [20].
Another medium variety is the "Uzbekistan Variety," which has a growth period of 120 to 125 days [21].Its bush is a determinant type, compact, and single-leaved, producing round, medium fruits with smooth surfaces, each weighing between 120 to 160 grams [22].The productivity of this variety is relatively high at 65 to 70 tons per hectare [23].This heat-resistant variety originated in Uzbekistan, was registered in 1985, and is recommended for planting in the Republic of Karakalpakstan, Andijan, and Bukhara regions [24].Therefore, the "Sample-70 Navi" is a Chechpishar variety, with a growth period of 110 to 115 days [25].The bush is determinate, with moderate branching, producing round fruits with flat, red surfaces, each weighing between 110 to 130 grams [26].Its productivity level is approximately 53 to 55 tons per hectare.However, it is not ISSN 2598-9936 (online), https://ijins.umsida.ac.id, published by Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo Copyright © Author(s).This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY).8/10