A Comparative Analysis of Preferred Learning and Teaching Styles for Engineering , Industrial , and Technology Education Students and Faculty

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the STEM Education & Professional Studies at ODU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in STEMPS Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of ODU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact digitalcommons@odu.edu. Repository Citation Katsioloudis, Petros and Fantz, Todd D., "A Comparative Analysis of Preferred Learning and Teaching Styles for Engineering, Industrial, and Technology Education Students and Faculty" (2012). STEMPS Faculty Publications. 35. https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/stemps_fac_pubs/35


A Comparative Analysis of Preferred Learning and
Teaching Styles for Engineering, Industrial, and Technology Education Students and Faculty Learning styles are personal qualities that influence the way students interact with their learning environment, peers, and teachers (Alkhasawe, Mrayyan, Docherty, Alashram, & Yousef, 2008).According to Felder and Silverman (1988), mismatches exist between common and traditional learning styles of engineering students and traditional teaching styles of engineering professors.Felder (1996) indicates that the Felder-Silverman model classifies students as fitting into one of the following four learning style dimensions: • Sensing learners (concrete, practical, oriented towards facts and procedures) or intuitive learners (conceptual, innovative, oriented towards theories and meanings); • Visual learners (prefer visual representations of presented materialpictures, diagrams, flow charts) or verbal learners (prefer written and spoken explanations); • Active Learners (learn by trying thins out, working with others) or reflective learners (learn by thinking things through, working alone); • Sequential learners (linear, orderly, learn in small incremental steps) or global learners (holistic, systems thinkers, learn in large leaps) (Felder, 1996, p. 19).According to the model, "engineering instructors who adapt their teaching style to include both poles of each of the given dimensions should come close to providing an optimal learning environment for most (if not all) students in a class" (Felder & Silverman, 1988, p. 675).One common discrepancy is that most people, college age and older, are visual learners (Barber & Milone, 1981), while most college teaching is verbal.Also, according to Felder and Silverman (1988), a second learning/teaching style mismatch exists, this one between the preferred input modality of most students and the preferred presentation mode of most professors.Ernst and Clark (2008) state that, in the discipline of engineering/technical graphics, many researchers have studied the use of learning styles of students in both lecture and laboratory situations, but few have attempted to link their research to instructor bias in the classroom.In an ideal setting, these two factors would be aligned since matching teaching strategies to a students' preferred learning style not only promotes understanding, but information is more likely to be retained, leading to a higher level of understanding (Wittmann-Price & Godshall, 2009).However, most professors will teach the way they were taught, even to the detriment of student learning Petros Katsioloudis (pkatsiol@odu.edu) and Todd D. Fantz (tfantz@odu.edu)are Assistant Professors in the Department of STEM Education and Professional Studies at Old Dominion University.
-62- (Sadowski, Birchman, & Harris, 2005).According to Bastable (2008), information that is delivered in a style that matches the students' learning style promotes understanding that leads to the retention of new information at a conceptual level, versus surface learning that only requires memorization (Wittmann-Price & Godshall, 2009).On the other side, discounting learning styles can lead to bored, unresponsive class participants, which in turn effect grades and attendance rates, therefore, leading to a loss in satisfaction (Alkhasaweh et al., 2008).Learners make the most out of information when they can select information and organize it into representations that make sense to them (Jonassen, 1999;Mayer & Moreno, 1998;Mayer, 1996;Mayer, 1999b;Wittrock, 1990).To address this identified need, a study was conducted to examine the alignment of students' preferred learning styles with instructor's teaching style in a materials process course.

Instrumentation: The VARK Questionnaire
The VARK Questionnaire was used in this study to assess the preferred learning styles of university students enrolled in a materials process course.The questionnaire is employed to determine to what extent, what percentage of, the students' preferred style is visual, aural, read/write, or kinesthetic.In 1987, Neil Fleming of Lincoln University, New Zealand developed the VARK Questionnaire.It diverges from the majority of learning styles instruments in that its principal intent is to be consultative rather than pointing and prognostic.The major additive component that separates the VARK Questionnaire from other preferred learning style advisories is the fourth category, read-write (Fleming, 2006).

Methodology
In the spring semester of 2010, a materials process course was selected as a means to perform a preferred learning style research study.This course was selected because it contained three groups of students: technology education, engineering technology, and industrial technology.The researchers believed that the differences in the students' background and program emphasis would lead to interesting results.The study's goal was to identify students' preferred learning style according to major and then compare it with the teaching style of the faculty members that have taught the course in the last five years.
All three groups of students were enrolled in a materials process course.This course introduced the students to basic content and skills needed to process common materials and produce functional products using woods, metals, plastics, and composite materials.This course also included laboratory safety, use of hand tools, and operation of machinery.Course content was reiterated to students through laboratory discovery experiences in materials testing and construction of multi-material projects.Pedagogy and learning outcomes were based on the creation and demonstration of physical products.
The two research questions that guided this study were: -63-1.Is there a difference in the preferred learning style of students in a materials process course according to their academic major? 2. Does the faculty use instructional methods that align with the students' preferred learning styles in a materials process course?The VARK Questionnaire was distributed to the student groups about midway through the spring semester of 2010.The willing student participants (n = 37) completed the VARK Questionnaire, and instructors collected and returned the questionnaires to the researchers.The faculty members who were currently teaching the course, or who have previously taught the course (n = 8), were given descriptions of each type of learning style: visual, aural, read/write, and kinesthetic.The faculty members were then asked to reflect back on their methods of teaching the course and estimate what percentage of instructional class time was spent teaching within each style.For example, an instructor may report 70% of the instructional time was spent on kinesthetic tasks, 10% on visual, 10% on aural, and the remaining 10% on read/write.

Data Analysis
Analysis of the data began with generating summary statistics of the mean score within each learning style for the student sample.As shown in Table 1, the mean scores for each learning style were segregated by major.The predominant learning style is the largest number compared to the other learning styles and is shown in bold in Table 1.The same data is visually represented and grouped based on learning style in Figure 1.The percentage of each learning style's contribution to the sum total of all the learning styles is also shown in Table 1.

Research Question 1
Due to the non-normality of the data set, non-parametric statistics were used to explore for any significant differences between the groups and their preferred learning styles.A Kruskal-Wallis test was used to develop a mean rank score for each learning style based on academic major.The mean rank score results are shown in Table 2.The mean rank scores were then used in the Kruskal-Wallis test to explore for statistically significant differences between majors for each learning style.The results of this test are shown in Table 3. Statistical differences that resulted from the Kruskal-Wallis test are designated with an asterisk next to the significance value.A pre-determined significant level, α, of 0.05 was used as a significance threshold.The only learning style that achieved statistical significance was the Read/Write learning style with a mean rank of 23.56 for Technology Education students and a mean rank of 12.83 for the Industrial Technology students.
Overall, there is not much variation between any of the groups within each learning style.In response to Research Question 1, is there a difference in the preferred learning style of students in a materials process course according to their academic major, we conclude that the only difference is between the technology education students and the industrial technology students within the read/write learning style.

Research Question 2
All faculty who have taught the materials process course in the last five years agreed to participate in this study (n = 8).Via an online survey instrument, faculty members were given descriptions of each type of learning style and -66-asked what percentage of their instructional time was spent on each style.The results of the faculty survey are shown in Table 4.The faculty report an emphasis on the kinesthetic learning style with nearly 40% of their instruction time spend on a kinesthetic type of pedagogy.On the other end, the visual learning style is the least represented pedagogy in the faculty's presentation of material.To compare the composite class learning style with the pedagogical methods used by instructors, a percentage of the average preferred learning style of the students was calculated, as shown in Table 1.A comparison of the methods used by faculty and the preferred learning style of students is shown in Table 5.In addition, the difference in percentages between the faculty and students preferred learning styles are also shown in Table 5.A negative difference indicates that faculty are short in the allocation of the amount of time needed for that learning preference to target the courses' learning style needs.A positive difference indicates an excess of time spent with that learning style based on the courses preferred learning style makeup.While the instructional methods of the faculty are dominant in the kinesthetic style, and the students' dominant preferred learning style is also kinesthetic, the faculty spend about 10% more time within the style than the overall student learning style suggests.Addressing Research Question 2, does the faculty use instructional methods that align with the students' preferred -67-learning styles in a materials process course, the researchers conclude that, while the faculty's percentage of time is close to aligning with the students' preferred learning style make-up, less emphasis on the kinesthetic style and more emphasis on the visual style would lead to an optimal match.

Conclusions and Recommendations
This study showed that while there was some variation within majors, the overall dominant learning style in the materials process course was the kinesthetic style.While this was a result the researchers expected, the technology education students were unexpected outliers from the rest of the group.From the Kruskal and Wallis test, the researchers observed a statistical significance (0.041*) between the three groups for the read/write learning style with the technology education students rating it the most preferred learning style.This does raise additional questions for researchers.Based on how the curriculum is often developed and delivered, technology education is typically a very hands-on, kinesthetic discipline.In fact, the content is more kinesthetically based than industrial technology and engineering technology programs, yet students from these other disciplines rated kinesthetic learning as more important than the technology education students.Further research is needed to determine if technology education as a discipline should shift a little more toward the read/write delivery method, sacrificing some of the kinesthetic teaching in the process.These results could also be due to the grass being greener on the other side of the fence.As engineering technology and industrial technology students do not have as much kinesthetic-based learning in their programs, they may see it as a better, more preferred, option of getting content.The same may be true of technology education students believing more read/write-based curriculum would be beneficial.
The researchers suggest that the current data-base of student preferred learning styles be continued as additional sections of the course are taught.The number of industrial technology students (n = 9) and engineering technology students (n = 11) in the data-base were low compared to that of technology education (n = 17).The researchers also plan to review additional courses that contain all three academic majors to determine if this course is representative of the programs in general.
In addition, the researchers are interested in further exploring the preferred teaching style of faculty.According to the study, the dominant preferred teaching style of the faculty members who taught the materials process course (n = 8) was the kinesthetic style.The researchers suggest that this is due to the learning style and comfort zone of the faculty.In essence, faculty members are teaching the way they were taught.Further research is needed to determine how willing faculty members are to teach outside their comfort level to match the students' preferred learning styles.
-68-While conducting the literature reviews to better focus this research, it was determined that there was a lack of research undertaken on cognitive technical learning.The researchers would like to thank our colleagues who have worked on studying the design process, problem solving in technology, and technical thinking.More needs to be done in these areas so that the added value of technical learning is determined and used to better promote our school subject.By understanding the learning style make-up of the students enrolled in their courses, faculty should be able to adjust their modes of content delivery to match student preferences and maximize student learning.

Table 1
Mean VARK Score as a Function of Declared Major

Table 2
Mean Rank VARK Score as a Function of Declared Major

Table 4
Use of VARK Methods by Faculty

Table 5
VARK Methods by Faculty and Preferred Methods by Students