The Effect of Local Community Support Toward Sharia Tourism in Central Maluku Regency

This research aims to analyze the local community’s supported influence based on Sharia Tourism Development in the Central Maluku Regency. Some variables are affected by this research, such as negative and positive perceptions of local residents toward the economy, society, and environment around the population. The methodology of this research is quantitative research which uses an explanatory method. There are around 51 participants as samples. Those samples are chosen from Mamala and Morella villages directly involved in tourism activities. The data is processed and analyzed using SEM PLS ver.3 Software. Results of the study found that: the social impact had a positive and significant impact on local community support for sharia tourism development, and the negative impact had a negative and significant impact on the support for sharia tourism development. In contrast, the economic and environmental impact had a positive but not significant impact on the population support local to the development of sharia tourism.


INTRODUCTION
The tourism sector makes a significant contribution to the region's Moreover, Maluku's Provincial Government continues to make various breakthroughs and programs to manage the tourism potential in Maluku's region (Saimima et al. 2018;Solemede et al. 2020) also it is expected that development in the tourism sector will affect the economy and quality of life of people in Maluku (Saimima et al. 2018;Solemede et al. 2020).
Nowadays, there is a new trend in the tourism industry, namely sharia tourism. Sharia tourism has been developed by many countries, such as Japan, Australia, Thailand, New Zealand, etcetera, which are not Muslim-majority countries. In fact, they participate in making sharia tourism products. The concept of sharia tourism is the actualization of the concept of Islam, where the value of halal and haram is used as the primary benchmark. One is the availability of various halal products at tourism support facilities such as restaurants and hotels that provide halal food and prayer places. The products of tourism, services, and destinations in sharia tourism are the same as tourism in a general way as long the principles are not contradicted by sharia principles. The development of sharia tourism villages, utilizing existing potentials, and the participation of local residents around the tourism objects are very important.

Mamala and Morella Villages in
Furthermore, local residents need to increase their tourism awareness, active participation, and great hospitality to create a sense of security for all visitors.
The involvement of local residents in tourism activities shows that tourism development in the village has the support of local residents in tourism objects.
This research tries to contribute to the social exchange theory (SET). Some previous studies using the theory applied it in some focuses, such as Perception (Saad et al. 2020), impact (Haddad et al. 2019), quality of service (Purbasari & Ratnasari, 2021), and residents' attitude (Meimand et al. 2017;Rashid 2020) on tourism development. The difference between these studies and this research was that none of those discussed sharia tourism existence and development, so it was significant to conduct an overview on sharia tourism using social exchange theory as it can mediate tourism and local communities. Therefore, this study  (2015) explain that SET states that people or communities tend to support a project as a form of exchange and profit. They will tend to engage in initiation if it is profitable for them. Ward and Berno (2011) state social exchange theory has provided a conceptual basis for measuring/testing the inter-relationship between perceived costs (sacrifice) and benefits, positive and negative impacts, and support for tourism.
According to Ap (1992) cited by (Marc Woons Ku Leuven, 2014) et. al (Diener & Suh, 1997) (2016 : 6) social exchange can be defined as "a general sociological theory concerned with understanding the exchange of resources between individuals and Groups in interaction situation." Budi (2015 : 134-135) writes that most researchers have used social exchange theory to explain why and how people behave toward tourism development, for example, Ap, 1992. SET theory assumes that people or tourism stakeholders can receive benefits (rewards) greater than the sacrifices or costs incurred for tourism. With the benefits/benefits of tourism activities, stakeholders are willing to encourage tourism development.

Tourism Impact
There are three dimensions of tourism's impact which are attempted to be evaluated; economic, socio-cultural, and environmental impacts. The economic impact is defined as the direct benefit and secondary cost of a trip in the travel industry, it can be explained by the net economic changes in a community as the result of expenditure measured by an event (activity) and facilities, job creation, entrepreneurial opportunities, massive investment attractiveness and high contributions as the hallmarks of economic impact (Chin, Thian, & Lo, 2017).

Community Support For Tourism
The community support for tourism as a variable has various terms, for example: (Nunkoo & Ramkissoon, 2010) call it local community support for tourism, (Nunkoo & Gursoy, 2012) call it "community support for cultural tourism" (Garau, 2015) refers to it as support for P2P, while (JS Lee & Chiang, 2017) as "tourism support," (Kolawole, Mbaiwa, Mmopelwa, & Kgathi, 2018) mention it as "support for tourism development," while  state that local community support for tourism is a mediator variable on tourism destination competitiveness and quality of life of residents.

RESEARCH METHOD
Quantitative with an explanatory method is used to examine research hypotheses and confirm pre-existing theories, which in this context of our study was social exchange theory. SEM-PLS was used to analyze the data. Moreover, data were obtained from 51 respondents who lived in two villages; Mamala and Morella villages. Furthermore, Smart PLS as a statistical application was used to analyze the direct and indirect effects caused by a research model even though the sample size was small. However, the software features had the required tests almost identical to Amos and Lisrel.

Variable and Measurement Method
There were four exogenous variables related to the analysis; positive perceptions of the tourism impact has on economic, socio-cultural, and environmental as well as perceptions about the negative impact of tourism and one endogenous variable: local population support for sharia tourism development in Mamala and Morella villages.
The explanation of those variables, indicators, and variable measurement scales can be seen in the table below:

RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The output results of the first PLS running model are as follows: First, before running the PLS Program and testing the interrelationships between variables in the research, it is very important to focus on the output results of special statistical software related to the outerloading of research indicators from each variable as follows:      Therefore, the R square of the second running model is 0.775, and the R square Adjusted is 0.755. It means that the four variables' ability to explain community support is 77.5%, and the rest is due to other variables not included in this research model.

Reliability Test for Research Variable
In order to examine the reliability variable used in this research model accordingly, it can be seen in statistic score Cronbach Alfa, Rho-A, and composite with a minimum standard of 0.700 and an average score of more than 0.500. A reliability test is an examination to see the respondent's consistency in answering the research questionnaire. Based on Table 6, it can be concluded that all the variables fulfilled the requirements for reliability test and validity with scores Cronbanch Alfa, Rho-A, and composite reliability bigger than 0.700, while the average score of variance extracted is more than 0.500.  In order to find the direct significance of the variable, it can be seen in the number T statistics with standard more than > 1.960 dan P values is lower than 5%. In conclusion, the variable of social impact and negative impact of tourism has a higher t statistic score than the standardization. In contrast, economic and environmental impact has a T statistic score under 1.960 dan P values are bigger than 5 %. So both of the variables are insignificant.  Economic impact becomes the main factor in influencing the support of local residents to support tourism (Untong et al., 2010). Thus, the research contradicted (Latip et al., 2018) that state economic impact positively and significantly influences the community's support for tourism activities in Malaysia. This EQUILIBRIUM, Volume 10, Number 1, 2022 research also contradicted (Gannon, Rasoolimanesh, & Taheri, 2020), (Lim et al., 2017), Kozhokulov et.al (2019) (2017), (Latip et al., 2018), Levyda (2020).

The relation of environmental impact toward community support
The environmental impact variable had a positive but insignificant effect on community support. It is contradicted by Dogan (Gursoy, Zhang, & Chi, 2019), who found that tourism business people must notice residents' perceptions of tourism activities so they can support and contribute to tourism development, especially in the study of hospitality. (Khalid, Ahmad, Ramayah, Hwang, & Kim, 2019) Explain that local residents support tourism development, and it is necessary to have community empowerment because it will affect the success of sustainable tourism development. Meanwhile, Levyda (2020) conducted research in the Thousand Islands and found that economic factors had no influence on community support but suggested that increasing community support is important to job opening, protection against traditional culture, and welfare.
Aswin Sangpikul (2017) said that the role of tour guides and tour operators in Thailand significantly contributes to tourism development and community development in tourist areas because they have promoted social benefits between hosts and visitors through various activities in tourist areas. Tour guides must be knowledgeable about nature, the environment, and proper behavior when touring. Therefore, based on the research results, it was found that the negative impact of tourism had a negative and significant impact on community support for tourism activities.

CONCLUSION
This research concludes that the social impact has a positive and significant influence on the support for sharia tourism development in Mamala and Morella villages, the negative impact of tourism has a negative and significant influence on the support for sharia tourism development in the village. In contrast, the economic and environmental impact has a positive but insignificant impact on the support of local residents for the development of sharia tourism in Mamala and Morella villages.