The Counter-Reformation, Diplomacy, and Art Patronage in Portugal under Cardinal-Infant D. Henrique of Portugal: A Legacy to Serve Church and Kingdom

: Commonly known as the Cardinal-King, D. Henrique of Portugal was a Portuguese royal-blood infant who was destined to become a prince of the Church. He was a preeminent figure of the sixteenth century: the period of the political, economic, religious, and cultural expansion of the Portuguese Empire, and of the Counter-Reformation. During his service to the Roman Catholic Church, D. Henrique occupied the seats of the three Portuguese archdioceses, was chosen to govern some of the wealthiest religious orders, and represented the Holy Office in Portugal. He was also nominated cardinal and legate a latere to Portugal. The Cardinal-Infant was responsible for an unprecedented architectural innovation in Portugal and beyond, reforming, expanding, and erecting several buildings. This study focuses on the institutional projects and material reforms in Portugal initiated by Cardinal-King D. Henrique through complex diplomatic relations between the Portuguese Crown and the Holy See during the sixteenth century. Its main objective is to create a basis for further research into his architectural patronage while occupying his several positions of ecclesiastical and lay authority.

n the first half of the sixteenth century, while the Iberian kingdoms consolidated their overseas territories through an imperialist policy under the Christian banner, several other European states experienced fragmentation of their religious unity, which was responsible for triggering political tensions and military conflicts that would mark the early modern. With the advent of the Protestant Reformation, and the fear of losing their religious supremacy, the Roman Catholic Church embarked on the Counter-Reformation by calling the most important council of history, the Concilium Tridentinum. The Council oversaw the implementation of new control mechanisms and "new barriers between the sacred and secular" that would purge the ills that afflicted the Christian faith in the sixteenth century. 2 One of the prelates who responded to the Catholic reform movement with a great zeal D. Henrique's royal lineage and high ecclesiastical offices gave him a unique status in the Church hierarchy. After obtaining approval from the Pope to absent himself from the Council of Trent, he communicated effectively with the most distinguished clerics who did participate, both during and afterwards. Some of them were brilliant diplomats, legislators, and religious patrons, responsible for the foundation of numerous seminaries to instruct the parochial priests, confessors, and preachers. Among his correspondents were: the Italian cardinal Giovanni Ricci (  The Cardinal's royal status and, above all, the important and numerous ecclesiastical positions that he held, allowed him to earn large revenues. 16 For decades, he managed a sizeable income and supported an abundant number of servants, not only in his house, but also in several institutions. Despite historians' criticisms that large incomes impoverished the dioceses and communities from where he derived them, D. Henrique seems to have invested most of the revenues for the material renewal of these respective institutions. For that reason, he promoted continuous successive artistic projects that would make him one of the most significant patrons of the Portuguese arts in the sixteenth century. D. Henrique had an active role in shaping and planning his commission. 17 Usually, all the architectural programmes that he sponsored-such as the foundation, renovation, and maintenance of several private buildings (churches, monasteries, colleges, seminaries, palaces, and tribunals) and public infrastructures (fortresses, hospitals, plazas, and water structures)were accompanied by a set of legislative acts and diplomatic actions. Inevitably, his architectural projects transformed the urban space in which they were constructed, as a reflection of the Cardinal-King's jurisdiction and influence.
Depending on the function of the projects in question, there were often extended Infante D. Henrique: Actuação pastoral, reforma monástica e inquisição. Em torno dos espaços religiosos monásticos e eclesiásticos", in IHM-UP (Porto, 2005), 33; J. D. Sebastião e D. Henrique (Lisboa, 1942), 158. 15 Polónia,D. Henrique,102;Leal,Corpo Diplomatico Portuguez,9: 370,503, 10: [90][91] contracts to provide fittings for these buildings. These included altarpieces and furniture, devotional imagery and reliquaries, sacred vases and liturgical garments, libraries, archives, and sometimes printing offices as well. 18 In all these undertakings, from architecture to sculpture, the cardinal commissioned the finest artists-both national and foreign-many of whom had worked for the crown itself, and the most important ecclesiastical institutions. Their ranks included architects and military engineers, such as Miguel de Arruda (?-1563), Afonso Álvares ( ?-1580), and the Italian Fillipo Terzi (c. ; and the master-builders Rodrigo Anes, Baltazar Fernandes, and Manuel Pires. He also commissioned painters such as Gregório Lopes (c.  and the Italian Giuseppe Valeriano ( , together with goldsmiths Francisco Rodrigues and João Rodrigues. 19 The majority of these architectural commissions conformed to the austerity and simplicity of the Mannerist style, both in their elevations and interior arrangements, in accordance with the orthodox Tridentine guidelines implemented in Portugal, revealing the theatrical emphasis imposed by the Counter-Reformation. According to the regular conception of the buildings, all should be endowed with internal chapels and oratories, thus stipulating not only the subject's religious instruction, but also the spiritual and moral training required by the Devotio Moderna commitments. 20 According to Elmer Lampe, the "Council of Trent had indicated that art was to serve religion, and indeed one of the distinctive features of this cultural renewal was the emphasis upon religious purpose". 21 Once more, art became an ideological weapon for the dissemination of the Catholic Church's principles and needs. D. Henrique's commitment to eradicating the Protestant doctrines and eliminating heresy led him to publish four Indexes of Prohibited Books in Portugal between 1547 and1564. 22 He promoted the printing of Mass liturgy, ceremonials, catechisms, confessor's guides, theological texts, and spiritual manuals 23 -all strongly recommended by the Tridentine instructions-together with Inquisition directives, diocesan and synod constitutions, college statutes, and other texts for the ecclesiastical institutions that he ran. 24 18 The National Museum of D. frei Manuel do Cenáculo, in Évora, and the Museum of Sacred Art of the Cathedral of Évora, are two institutions where some of the best works commissioned by the Cardinal-Archbishop are kept. In the latter, the exquisite episcopal staff, the archiepiscopal cross, and one altar cross that belong to D. Henrique, are on display. 19 The printers who worked for D. Henrique include Francisco Correia and the Spanish André de Burgos. For the works printed and promoted by the Cardinal-Archbishop, see: J. J. A. Dias, Cardeal D. Henrique. Obra impressa; T. Espanca, "Alguns artistas de Évora nos séculos XVI-XVII", Cidade de Évora. Boletim de Cultura da Câmara Municipal, nos. 5-6 (1948), 178-179, 191-192, 195, 208, 211; T. Espanca, "Os Originais do Cartório da Câmara Municipal de Évora", Cidade de Évora. Boletim de Cultura da Câmara Municipal, nos. 51-52 (1968/69) 1521-1706(Middletown, CT, 1972 In some ways, the internal composition of the erected buildings would follow the same guidelines expressed by Cardinal Carlo Borromeo in the Instructiones fabricae et supellectilis ecclesiasticae, published in 1577. 21 E. L. Lampe, "Counter Reformation", in New Catholic Encyclopedia, (New York, 1967), 4: 388. 22 387-402. Portuguese historians in a partisan political environment in the nineteenth century were critical of the Cardinal-King's connection to the Holy Office (of which he was the inquisitorgeneral for forty years), and the political impasse triggered after his death (which would see the accession of the Spanish Habsburg House to the Portuguese throne), and did much to reduce his legacy. 25 Their contemporaries, namely the humanists that he protected, showed a different vision about him. 26 Notwithstanding his dedication to the Inquisition, and his support for censorship Indices, D. Henrique also sought to publish classical authors, and he financially supported many writers and humanists. 27 Miranda (1487Miranda ( -1558. 33 All of these authors dedicated some of their works to him in gratitude. 34 Notwithstanding D. Henrique's legacy to the art and cultural history of his country in the sixteenth century, sometimes it is difficult to define specifically in what capacity he patronised individual projects, and whether he acted as commendatory of the religious houses, as prelate of the three archdioceses, as regent and king of Portugal, or simply as a committed patron to honour his royal lineage and his own faith. Regularly, artistic projects were emblazoned with his royal coat of arms, surrounded by the ecclesiastical insignias ( Figure  2) and textual inscriptions, attesting his personal patronage commitment and responsibility for the renewal of moral discipline and spirituality as imposed by the Tridentine reforms. 25 During my research, I found only one street that evokes the memory of D. Henrique. In fact, even his name doesn't truly appear in the street sign, but the honorific titles that identify him-Cardinal King Street (Rua do Cardeal Rei). This is the main street of the University of Évora, located in the building that he had sponsored. 26 Polónia,D. Henrique,[9][10][11][12][13][14] He sponsored an edition of Aristoteles Logic, and tried to print in Portuguese a version of De re aedificatoria of Leon Baptista Alberti, which was ordered by D. João III. 28 39-40 (1988), 216-217, 220-223;A. Resende, As Antiguidades da Lusitânia (Lisboa, 1996) [53][54]; F. L. Ferreira, "Notícias da vida de André de Resende",[177][178][179][180][181][182][183][184][185][200][201][202][203][204][205][206]; Pereira, As obras do Doutor Francisco de Saa de Miranda, 6v. Évora, sixteenth century Photo by Milton Pacheco (2016) Throughout other European monarchies, many ecclesiastical patrons who were deeply committed to the Counter-Reformation assumed the same position as D. Henrique. By rendering a service to the Church, they reinforced their political ambitions, strengthened their ecclesiastic positions, and supported artistic and cultural production alongside religious and intellectual reform. The old religious orders and ecclesiastical institutions were reformed and new faith societies and missionary institutes were created. In both cases, it was necessary to provide new buildings, and to reconstruct the old ones.
Among his most prominent contemporary clerics, and with those he contacted personally and through diplomatic correspondence, were the Portuguese archbishop D. Frei Bartolomeu dos Mártires, and the Italian cardinals Carlo Borromeo and Alessandro Farnesethe last two having institutional connections to some Portuguese ecclesiastical communities. 35 In the archiepiscopal territories of Milan, in Italy, and of Braga, in Portugal, Carlo Borromeo and D. Frei Bartolomeu dos Mártires-two of the most assertive participants at the Council of Trent-were responsible for the erection of seminaries, colleges, and educational institutes, not only for the clergy, but also for the laity. 36 Their actions extended also over the renovation of monasteries, churches and chapels, religious confraternities and charitable brotherhoods, and for the financial support of several religious orders, especially the recently created Society of Jesus. 37 Notwithstanding, Alessandro Farnese was a humanist and art patron, dedicated to palace reforms, gathering famous libraries, and astonishing art collections. He also promoted the renovation of several religious buildings, particularly in Rome. 38 Although D. Henrique's entire patronage focused on the Catholic reformist current, his unique social origin, combined with the many ecclesiastical positions he held, have made him a singular humanist and a dedicated patron of the arts. In fact, he had a unique position among all the other ecclesiastical individuals, because of his direct royal lineage. In 1541, the community of St George had only four canons when D. Henrique decided to reform it. In 1543, he transferred the properties to his private house chancellor. Later, in 1564, the monastery and a major part of its possessions were integrated into the Monastery of the Holy Cross, as confirmed in the papal brief of Pius IV in 1563. A renewal plan was designed immediately, but not with the total incomes. In 1566, Pope Pius V issued the bull Ex Solita, which authorized the transference of the prior incomes to a Jesuit College -not to the one in Coimbra, as it had been planned before, but to the one in Évora. 43 The Committed to the revitalization of the Order, D. Henrique created the Portuguese Cistercian Congregation, settled in Alcobaça, after the papal bull approving it was issued in October 1567. Following this, he managed the re-establishment of the monasteries of St Paul of Frades, Salzedas, Seiça, and Tarouca, where he established a college for the community, but not without channelling part of their profits to the college that the Order had in Coimbra. It would be difficult, however, to re-activate the three monasteries dedicated to Holy Mary, in Tamarães, Ourém, in Serra da Estrela, Covilhã, and in Ermelo, Arcos de Valdevez, since their extinction benefited the Cistercian College in Coimbra. 45 40 Ecclesiastical institutions and buildings have been translated into English, with their original Portuguese names included after. 41 Some authors defend that he had renounced in 1547, see: Polónia,D. Henrique,94. 42 In the Monastery of the Holy Cross, a huge architectonic reform was promoted between 1524 and 1547, with the erection of new buildings and the reconstruction of the older ones in the monastic complex. Strangely, during this period I did not find any reference to the personal intervention of D. Henrique, despite his role as administrator. Polónia,D. Henrique,94;Leal,Corpo Diplomatico Portugue,[376][377][378][379][380][381] 45 Góis, Chronica do Felicissimo Rei Dom Emanuel, 3.27, fl.56v; Sousa, Pina, Andrade, and Santos, "Ordem de Cister"/ "Mosteiro de São João Baptista de Tarouca"/ "Mosteiro de Santa Maria de Tamarães"/ "Mosteiro de Santa Maria da Serra da Estrela"/ "Mosteiro de São Paulo de Frades"/ "Mosteiro de Santa Maria do Ermelo", Ordens Religiosas em Portugal,93,101,[113][114][115][116] Following the final resettlement of the Portuguese University from Lisbon to Coimbra in 1537, the Crown started gathering the support of the highest ecclesiastical figures and religious orders with the purpose of strengthening the college's network to support the academic institution. They would bring not only the necessary institutional and financial support, but also their intellectual gifts and pedagogical skills. Among the first was the College of the Holy Spirit (Colégio do Espírito Santo), established independently by D. Henrique, but immediately transferred to the Order of St Bernard (Figure 3). He founded the college, to receive twenty students, with his own money, in order to secure a privileged position near the Cistercian motherhouse, in Alcobaça. Although the process had started four years before-in 1541-the foundation stone was laid in 1545, the same year that D. Henrique became perpetual administrator of Alcobaça abbey. 46 The mother-house of the Cistercian Order, in Alcobaça, was also renovated. The main chapel of the monastery had its altar piece refurbished, and a monumental abbatial palace was erected with a private chapel-the so-called outside church-in a section of the complex, from where he relocated in 1578, when he thought of moving away from the Court to live his last days in peace. Near Alcobaça, the Monastery of Holy Mary (Mosteiro de Santa Maria) of Cós, a female community of the Order of St Bernard, was also refurbished in the manner of one established in Aguiar, in Castelo Rodrigo village. 47  Penafiel-during two periods, from 1534Penafiel-during two periods, from to 1538Penafiel-during two periods, from , and later, between 1560Penafiel-during two periods, from and 1580 There is no information about any institutional or material reform in this monastery, but we know that D. Henrique obtained a papal brief from Gregory XIII in 1578, authorizing the transfer of part of the incomes from the abbey's administration to the Jesuits, and the monastery's possession for the Benedictines monks. The same would happen in the Monastery of St Peter (Mosteiro de São Pedro) in Pedroso, Vila Nova de Gaia, when D. Henrique transferred part of the incomes to the Jesuit College of Coimbra. 51 The prelate was one of the great protectors of the Society of Jesus in Portugal, supporting several houses, not only through direct monetary donations, but also by raising other financial sources. 52 However, part of the monetary support was also removed from the revenues of several religious houses, which caused the economic ruin of some of them. 53 Constructed and equipped with income to support its scholars and lecturers, the College of the Holy Spirit (Colégio do Espírito Santo) in Évora started its activities in 1554, after its establishment in 1551. D. Henrique was present at the opening ceremony. The educational curriculum included classical languages, oratory, and conscience cases. The college was intended to educate thirty-five Jesuits. With the success of their missionary work, and the leading educational methods of the Jesuit programs, the Cardinal-Prince promptly decided to obtain from Rome the authorizations to elevate it to a university. 54 His diplomatic moves overcame the objections raised by the University of Coimbra, and with Queen D. Catarina of Austria's (1507-1578) support, he obtained a papal bull, executed on 20 September 1558. On 15 April 1559, the college became the second Portuguese university, and remained so for the next two hundred years. The project for the new complex-university, novitiate, residences, 48 Despite being prelate of Évora, this reform was only possible because of his prerogatives as perpetual abbot. 49 Góis,Chronica do Felicissimo Rei Dom Emanuel,3.27,fl.56v; Serrão, "As tábuas do Santuário do Bom Jesus de Valverde", 51; Conde, "Modelos de apoio às mulheres no período moderno: a acção do Cardeal-Infante D. Henrique", 15. 49 Sousa, Pina, Andrade, and Santos, "Mosteiro do Salvador de Paço de Sousa"/ "Mosteiro de São Pedro de Pedroso", Ordens Religiosas em Portugal,51,59. 50 Leal,Corpo Diplomatico Portuguez,[423][424]Sousa,Pina,Andrade,and Santos,"Mosteiro do Salvador de Paço de Sousa", Ordens Religiosas em Portugal,51. 51 Leal,Corpo Diplomatico Portuguez,11: 424;Sousa,Pina,Andrade,and Santos,"Mosteiro de São Pedro de Pedroso", Ordens Religiosas em Portugal,59. 52 Through privileged contacts with the Jesuit founder group, such as Ignacio de Loyola, Francisco Xavier, and Simão Rodrigues, he supported the major colleges of the Society of Jesus in Portugal. 53 Castro,D. Sebastião e D. Henrique,[114][115] T. Espanca, "Antigo Colégio e Universidade do Espírito Santo", Inventário Artístico de Portugal, (Lisboa, 1966), 1: 70-72. academic chapel, 55 and other buildings-began in 1558, and it was more ambitious and greater than the first planned construction (Figure 4). 56 The Cardinal-Infant used one of the buildings as a residence from 1559 to 1564. The inauguration took place on 1 November 1559. 57 Three years later, the Jesuit University received the same institutional privileges granted by the Crown to the University of Coimbra. 58 However, construction work would continue into the following decades. 59 Sixteenth century, with eighteenth-century reconstruction Photo by Milton Pacheco (2017) In Braga, at the chapel of the Jesuit College of St Paul (Colégio de São Paulo)-where D. Henrique had intended to establish a university-his coat of arms can be found at the top of the main arch. Its existence, next to the arms of the archbishop friar D. Bartolomeu dos 55 Initially, D. Henrique planned to be buried at the Holy Spirit chapel (Igreja do Espírito Santo). However, with his accession as King of Portugal, he would eventually be buried in the royal family pantheon in the Monastery of Belém. Serrão, "As tábuas do Santuário do Bom Jesus de Valverde", 51; Sousa, História Genealogica da Casa Real Portugueza, 3: 654-655, 659-660. 56 Although the construction only started in 1584, the Cardinal-King had planned the Royal Hospital of Mercy (Hospital Real da Piedade) years before. Meanwhile, he also obtained in 1561 authorization to establish a private butchery and market for the students, similar to the University of Coimbra. Fialho,Evora Gloriosa,230. 57 Later, during works that occurred between 1717 and 1725, it was put at the noble façade an encomiastic text in the centre of his coat of arms: "HENRICVS I LVSITANIAE REX / S.R.E. CARDINALIS / PATRIAE PATER / RELIGIONI, ET BONUS ARTIBVS". Throughout the university complex, it is possible to find several artistic elements that evoke the memory of the main sponsor, D. Henrique. A. F. Conde, J. Soares, and P. S. Rodrigues, "Os Colégios da Universidade de Évora: recriação, evocação e capricho", in Universidade de Évora (   (Lisbon, 2012), 448-451. 58 D. Henrique's personal library was offered to the Jesuit College/University. Espanca, "Os Originais do Cartório da Câmara Municipal de Évora", 216. 59 Fialho, Evora Gloriosa, 367-369. Mártires, who started construction between 1561 and 1563, indicates the cardinal's support for the enterprise. 60 Over a long period, the Cardinal-Infant supported the Jesuit College of St Roch (Colégio de São Roque) and the College of St Anthony (Colégio de Santo Antão), which opened in 1579-both in Lisbon. He also contributed to the construction of the College of St Lawrence (Colégio de São Lourenço) in Oporto, and the College of Jesus (Colégio de Jesus) in Coimbra, 61 and most probably many other Jesuit colleges established in Portugal. 62 He was also committed to the foundation of the College of St Jerome (Colégio de São Jerónimo) of the Hieronymite Order, making available, in 1565, the property for its construction near of the major building of the University of Coimbra. 63 At the mother-house in Lisbon, the Monastery of Holy Mary (Mosteiro de Santa Maria) in Belém, after the expansion program of the monastic church chancel in 1565 by Queen D. Catarina, D. Henrique promoted an important set of material renovations, namely the central fountain at the major cloister 64 in [1567][1568][1569][1570], and his tomb, erected in the church in 1578-1580. 65 After D. Henrique obtained the property to the Hermits Congregation of Serra de Ossa, the Convent of St Paul (Convento de São Paulo) was established in 1578. 66 He played an important role in the reform of the male Franciscan community in Portugal. After the division of the fifty-six Franciscan convents into Regulars and Conventuals by Pope Leo X in 1517, the Cardinal-Infant recommended that they be merged again, which happened in 1568, at the direction of Pius V. 67 As a committed patron, he promoted the projects to erect two Capuchin The Prelate of the Portuguese Archdioceses D. Henrique occupied consecutively the three Portuguese archdioceses: Braga, between 1533 and 1540; Évora, first from 1540 to 1564, and then from 1575 to 1578; and Lisbon between 1564 and 1575. During his long archiepiscopal governance, he began an interesting set of reforms that sometimes preceded the Tridentine directives: updating diocesan constitutions, publishing new missals, calling synods, and performing pastoral visits. 69 D. Henrique became administrator of the archdiocese of Braga in 1533, being consecrated as archbishop in 1537, and automatically Primate of Hispania. 70 In the so-called 'Portuguese Rome', from 1537 until 1540, he dedicated himself to the renovation and intellectual formation of the diocesan clergy and young laity, erecting a building for public studies, which was made over to the Jesuits after 1560. 71 According to the chronicler Damião de Góis, D. Henrique intervened at the church of the Monastery of São Fructuosus (São Frutuoso), in Braga. 72 From Braga, D. Henrique was nominated to take the position as first metropolitan archbishop at the See of Évora, where he assumed his longest archiepiscopal governance of his life, almost twenty-eight years, first in 1540-1564, and then 1575-1578. Here, he ruled not only as a respectable prelate, but also a devout patron. Old churches were renovated and new colleges were erected. In both cases, the urban perimeter was profoundly transformed. In addition, several commissions were undertaken in the medieval cathedral from 1540s to 1560s, including the installation of an organ, a chapter library, and the choir stalls. D. Henrique also ordered the construction of the archbishop's countryside residence, in Valverde (Paço da Mitra da Quinta de Valverde), near Évora, subsequently improved by his successors. 73 He The College of Our Lady of Purification (Colégio de Nossa Senhora da Purificação) was constructed following approval in a papal bull of 1576. It was later transformed into the 75 Fialho,Evora Gloriosa,[421][422][423][424] The musicians and singers of the Cathedral of Évora would become famous, and were compared to those of the Cathedral of Toledo, in Spain. Wright, "The interaction of the Portuguese and Italian Churches in the 69. 77 31-33. Diocesan Seminary and Theologian Institute of Évora Archbishopric, near the Jesuit University ( Figure 6). The opening ceremony occurred in June 1577, when the Cardinal-Infant set the first stone for the new building. The main gate is still decorated with his coat of arms, commemorating his role in founding the institution (Figure 2). It was intended for the education of fifty clergymen-three foreigners, and the rest Portuguese-as D. Henrique had requested of Gregory XIII. The same pope decided two years later, in July 1579, to transfer the college to the Jesuit University's governance. The institute opened in 1593, thirteen years after the cardinal's death, and soon became one of the three academic colleges, as had happened in Coimbra with the colleges' network (albeit on a much smaller scale). 78 Figure 6: College of Our Lady of Purification (Diocesan Seminary and Theologian Institute of Évora Archbishopric) Évora, sixteenth century Photo by Milton Pacheco (2016) Meanwhile, in 1578, the College for the Young Boys of the See's Choir (Colégio dos Moços do Coro da Sé) was established in a new building for another fourteen boys. 79 D. Henrique was profoundly committed to the city of Évora, even after leaving its episcopal governance. Alongside the new ecclesiastical buildings and institutions, he promoted many other urban 78 Polónia, D. Henrique, [72][73]Espanca,Cadernos de História e Arte Eborense,[34][35][36][37]. 79 Polónia,D. Henrique,[201][202][203][204][205] schemes to improve his archiepiscopal city and the life of its citizens. 80 He ordered major improvements to the main city aqueduct and several fountains, 81 and also commissioned the construction of milestones and carved stone crosses of marble at the major entrances to Évora city. 82 Outside of the urban perimeter, but within Évora archdiocese limits, he was responsible for the spatial renovation and material construction of several parish churches. Among the most representative examples of sacred buildings erected under his direct influence are the Church of the Holy Mary (Igreja de Santa Maria), and the Church of the Saviour (Igreja do Salvador) in Veiros: both in Estremoz, and both begun in 1559.
Motivated by religious zeal, D. Henrique abandoned the archbishopric of Évora in 1564, and went Lisbon to enforce the Tridentine directives. Under his guidance, Portugal was one of the first European kingdoms to adopt them. The episcopate's obligation to respect the Tridentine guidelines-that bishops should reside and rule physically in their diocesesdetermined D. Henrique's nomination for the archdiocese of Lisbon, the city in which he resided from 1562, during his the regency for the young King D. Sebastião (b. 1554Sebastião (b. , r. 1568Sebastião (b. -1578. He ruled the archdiocese of Lisbon for eleven years, from 1564 to 1575. During this period, he erected the Seminary of St Catherine (Seminário de Santa Catarina) in 1566, and established St Anthony parish (Paróquia de Santo Antão). 83 The Cardinal of the Four Crowned Martyrs and legate a latere D. Henrique was appointed cardinal of the titular church of the Holy Cross in Jerusalem in the consistory of 1545. He received the scarlet biretta in Lisbon on October 1546, from the hands of Stephano del Buffalo, the pope's private chamberlain. One year later, be became cardinal of the titular church of the Four Crowned Saints, Santi Quattro Coronati. 84 Since the deaths of the popes Paul III, Marcellus II, and Julius III, the Portuguese crown had worked to obtain the support of the Spanish and French monarchies for the election of the Cardinal-Infant D. Henrique to St Peter's throne. 85 As Pietro Manzi has noted, Figure 7: Basilica of the Santi Quattro Coronati, Rome Fourth/Fifth century, with sixteenth-century reformation make haste slowly. 101 Throughout his life, he sought to exercise the authority of his many offices and positions in a most committed and careful manner. All his efforts were directed towards assisting the Portuguese kingdom, and to serving the Catholic Church, even if sometimes the means did not justify the ends.
Acting as a dedicated prelate, a severe inquisitor-general, and a concerned ruler, the Cardinal-King-in different moments, and with different purposes-sponsored and supported a large number of new buildings, including churches, monasteries, seminaries, colleges, palaces, and tribunals. From Braga to Évora, via Lisbon and Rome, he was dedicated to the renewal of religious institutions, revealing his concerns about the clergy education, laity devotion, and the eradication of heresy.
The successive positions assumed by D. Henrique in the main ecclesiastical institutions allowed him to gather large incomes, but his appointment to the College of Cardinals, as well as to the papal legate in Portugal, allowed him to obtain several concessions from the Holy See. Despite the continuous and proven efforts, it was his royal ancestry that would take him to occupy all positions, both in Portugal and in Rome.
The motivation behind the numerous activities of D. Henrique of Portugal are sometimes difficult to categorise, as to whether they were prompted primarily by his social status and political/religious authority, or from his own cultural strategy. What is certain is that his major institutional initiatives and material reforms were based on the confluence of substantial revenues, made available from his many ecclesiastical positions, which he used to bring to completion his many architectural projects. The Portuguese Cardinal-King was responsible for the architectural transformation of the cities where he assumed the government of distinctive institutions. In various cities-especially Évora-he renewed old buildings, and constructed new ones: a process that might be called the sacralization of the urban space. 102 The mission of the Cardinal-Infant was certainly achieved, as more than four centuries later we use part of the legacy that he promoted during the Counter-Reformation period. To this day, some of D. Henrique's foundations still serve the education of the clergy, the university continues to promote academic knowledge, and the churches still house their congregations -albeit in a much more ecumenical spirit and culture of tolerance that was not possible in the sixteenth century.