Sustainable Forest Management:

Article History The social capital approach and collaboration are the main focus in the management of natural resources such as forests. The social capital owned by women forest farmers is realized through social leadership, local wisdom, trust, and social institutions. This research aims to map social capital in ecological, social, and economic aspects of forest conservation efforts. The research was conducted on women forest farmers on the slopes of Mount Kendeng Utara, Central Java, namely in Blora Regency and Rembang Regency. Data were collected through moderate participation observation and in-depth interviews with several informants, then analyzed using qualitative methods of case studies. The typologies of social capital found are divided into three: bonding, bridging, and linking. In sustainable forest management, the dominant social capital in the economic aspect is bonding social capital, which increases the motivation, solidarity, productivity, and income diversification of women forest farmers. Bridging social capital strengthens social and ecological sustainability through compliance with the chairman of the Forest Farmers Group who are indigenous leaders, facilitating the exchange of information and forest management practices. Strengthening the social capital of women forest farmers requires a participatory, equitable, and gender-just approach to achieve sustainable forest management.


INTRODUCTION
Forests are one of the buffers for life and sources of prosperity that need to be maintained sustainably and optimally maintained (Soraya, 2019).Forests have a vital role in maintaining the balance of the ecosystem, providing natural resources, and supporting the lives of humans and various other living things.
Indonesia has a very large forest area, which is 120,773,441.71hectares (Rochmayanto et al., 2023).Through this potential, Indonesia plays an important role in realizing sustainable forest management that supports sustainable development (Jhariya et al., 2019).The principle of sustainable development emphasizes that growth must be inclusive (Liu et al., 2023) and environmentally friendly (Maleksaeidi & Memarbashi, 2023).The 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) agenda motivates the growth of sustainable development which is currently the focus of countries in the world.The SDGs have driven change towards sustainable development based on human rights and equality to promote social, economic, and environmental development (Katila et al., 2020).The SDGs guarantee "No-one Left Behind" (Sénit, 2020) and have 17 goals and 169 targets arranged in four pillars.
The 15th goal of the SDGs emphasizes the protection of terrestrial ecosystems which is one of the crucial problems that must be overcome (Streimikis & Baležentis, 2020), one of which is sustainable forest management (Hiratsuka et al., 2019).
Sustainable forest management requires strong cooperation between communities around forests (Dahar et al., 2022) and the government (Moktshim, 2020).Local communities are the spearhead in natural resource management, while the government is tasked with optimizing forest functions and benefits by balancing ecological, economic, and social aspects through policies that have been formulated (Gunawan et al., 2022).
Sustainable forest management is carried out carefully to prevent environmental problems from arising.This is part of sustainable natural resource management and supports sustainable development (Yamamoto & Matsumoto, 2022).Fair and optimal management of forest resources can provide social, ecological, and economic benefits (Prins et al., 2023).However, forest management has faced many challenges in maintaining efficiency and paying attention to nature conservation (Idris, 2019).
Women living around forest areas in various parts of the world have been active in protecting, utilizing, and conserving forests and other natural resources (Pandey & Pokhrel, 2021).

MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study uses a qualitative method with case studies.research approach that is committed to examining how people understand their main life experience in this case, namely the experience of women forest farmers in sustainable forest management to improve their well-being.

Classification of Social Capital Typology
Social capital has three typologies, namely bonding, bridging, and linking.The tradition of "weton" and "pranatamangsa" → as cultural heritage has a positive impact on the cycle of better planting patterns.

2.
Local knowledge about forest ecology → have an impact on forest women farmers to carry out proper natural resource management practices
A high sense of obedience and obedience to the Chairman of the Forest Farmers Group (KTH) who is considered a traditional leader → the agroforestry pattern which is carried out following the orders of traditional leaders.

2.
There is an actor perspective of obedience to community leaders, namely "Bayan" → women forest farmers follow what is ordered, for example, planting fruit trees in the forest.
The participation of women forest farmers in members of Forest Areas with Special Management (KHDPK) through the Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) Semut Ireng → a planting system with a more dominant combination of fruit crops, such as durian and mango.

2.
The synergy between forest farmers and Perhutani → the formation of agrotourism to maintain natural ecosystems through a tourism approach.However, this tourism potential has not been utilized optimally.

3.
Relations   Interaction with traders of agricultural production facilities → This meeting not only strengthens relationships but also improves skills and insights in managing agriculture more effectively.

4.
Network with traders and collectors → ease of access to capital loan information Linking Social Capital

1.
Compliance with NGOs → Illegal land buying and selling has an impact on the bad relationship with Perhutani.2.
Network with Forest Lap Units (FMUs) → aid donations once a year

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Models to depict components of sustainable forest management Source: Adapted from Prins et al's Theory (2023) This study examines the impact of social capital on economic, social, and ecological aspects in sustainable forest management according to the concept of Prins et al. (2023).The findings of social capital are categorized based on these aspects, focusing on the identification and analysis of social capital typologies (bonding, bridging, linking) and their influence on forest management in Blora and Rembang Regencies.The analysis was carried out to see how each typology of social capital affects economic aspects and power that can optimize other capital.The social capital of women forest farmers operates and influences their activities in managing forests.

2 .
Nyambang culture (the activity of talking over lunch during a break) → various knowledge and increased solidarity among women forest farmers 3.The culture of earth alms (the spirit of cooperation between women forest farmers → increases the spirit of family and mutual help Bridging Social Capital1.The high level of mutual trust and obedience to the management of the Forest Farmers Group (KTH) and non-governmental organizations, who are also indigenous leaders → Showing the strong influence of the semi-traditional Samin Tribe in the community → The interaction and social dynamics of the community that are formed will follow the traditional leaders.
Source: Research Analysis, 2024 In the social aspect, bridging social capital has a strong influence on social sustainability in the North Kendeng Mountain Slope area.The compliance of forest farmer women to the Chairman of the Forest Farmer Group as a traditional leader is a key figure in the social mobilization of the community.With this compliance, it strengthens the exchange of local information and knowledge in forest management between fellow women forest farmers.Through social networks, women forest farmers can gain access to resources such as information on financial loans, technical assistance such as hiring transportation services in transporting crops from the forest to be brought home, fulfilling farming infrastructure and markets for the sale of their persil products.This network plays an important role in expanding the social relations of women forest farmers.Improving Welfare (Economic Aspect) People living in forest areas are highly dependent on forest resources because they live far from the hustle and bustle of the city and access to knowledge.Women forest farmers have a high amount of time in forest management as a consequence of dual roles.The people of Blora still preserve the custom of "Samin", which is a farming culture from generation to generation.Women forest farmers must divide their time and adapt to the environment to balance the burden of domestic and public work as their productive work.The contribution of women forest farmers can help increase overall family income.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Findings on the Impact of Social Capital of Women Forest Farmers on the Slopes of Mount Kendeng, North Central Java, Based on Typology on Sustainable Forest Management Source: Primary Data Analysis, 2024 (Note: The larger the bar chart, the greater the influence on aspects of sustainable forest management) ://doi.org/10.20961/ge.v10i2.89680https://jurnal.uns.ac.id/GeoEco/article/view/89680 httpsSustainable Forest Management: A Social… | 288

Table 3 .
The Impact of Social Capital on Sustainable Forest Management on Ecological Aspects

Table 4 .
Investigate the implications of with foremen (KPH Perhutani officers) → Women forest farmers received counselling on environmentally friendly forest management practices such as the dosage of pesticides, fertilizers, planting patterns, and others.namely the traditional leader as well as the village apparatus or "Bayan" who is known as a strong man.A strong man dares to take firm action against every violation that occurs in the village forest area.The people of Mount Kendeng, especially those who enter Blora Regency, consider that the forest area around them is a heritage of their ancestors that must be protected.Blora Regency is thick with Samin customs that are still deeply rooted.The community has a motto "iki ibu bumi ku" which means this is my mother earth."Ibu bumi wis maringi, ibu bumi dilarani, ibu bumi kang ngadili," which means Mother Earth has given, Mother Earth is hurt, Mother Earth will judge.This message has become a culture in the Blora community,

Table 4 .
Impact of Social Capital on Sustainable Forest Management on Social Aspects

Table 4 .
The Impact of Social Capital on Sustainable Forest Management on Economic Aspects It is precisely with the findings of the social capital of women forest farmers that it turns out to be the key to the hidden or less conscious.This is due to the absence of data and lack of studies on women in natural resource management.https://doi.org/10.20961/ge.v10i2.89680https://jurnal.uns.ac.id/GeoEco/article/view/89680Sustainable Forest Management: A Social… | 299 p-ISSN 2460-0768 e-ISSN 2597-6044 GeoEco, Vol. 10, No 2. Month Year Page.287-302 https://doi.org/10.20961/ge.v10i2.89680https://jurnal.uns.ac.id/GeoEco/article/view/89680