Aspergillus sp. For Indigosol Blue and Remazol Brilliant Blue R Decolorization

Rekam Jejak Artikel: Diterima : 28/08/2019 Disetujui : 15/12/2020 Abstract Synthetic dyes are artificial dyes manufactured by Industry and commonly used for the textile industry. These dyes had potentially caused an environmental problem. Many types of dyes are recalcitrant and have toxic properties for living organisms. It can be removed by decolorization method, especially a biological decolorization by fungi. Fungi were chosen due to the ability to degrade toxic components. Aspergillus sp. is the fungi which commonly used for dye decolorization. It might be caused that Aspergillus sp. is one type of fungi lived in the textile waste and expected not to die in the dye decolorization treatment. The purpose of this research was to investigate the ability of the mycelia pellets of Aspergillus sp to decolorized Indigosol Blue dye and Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) dye. This research showed that mycelial pellets of Aspergillus sp. had high activity of decolorization of Indigosol Blue dye up to 85.37% and RBBR dye up to 80.21% and caused low pH value after 24 hour incubation time compared to the control solution.


INTRODUCTION
Synthetic dyes are artificial dyes manufactured by the manufacturing industry. These dyes are commonly used for the textile industry. It also potentially caused an environmental problem.
The dye pollutant in water releases products that are toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic to the living organisms so that it creates a hazardous problem (Bassyouni et al., 2017). The example of synthetic dyes is Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) and Indigosol Blue. Both of them are anthraquinone dyes and difficult to degraded. Dye compounds can be decolorized by physical and chemical methods, however, it required high costs and produced dangerous compounds (Awaluddin et al. 2001).
The biological method used as an alternative method because it is cheap and environmentally friendly (Dewi & Lestari 2010).
Aspergillus sp. is one type of fungi found in textile waste and can be used as a dye decolorization agent. Hefnawy et al. (2017) reported the fungi decolorization of dye could be achieved by treating with Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger. This research used isolates of Aspergillus sp. 2 as collection from Dewi et al. (2018aDewi et al. ( ,b, 2019. They reported that Aspergillus sp. 2 has characteristic as yellow-green colony color, white mycelium color, and also has a vesicle, metullae, phialides, and foot cells. The fungal degradation products did not cause any toxicity in plants. Aspergillus is known to be very effective in decolorizing various types of dyes even compared to other microfungi. Aspergillus sp. was very effective in the removal of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), and electrical conductance (EC). Dewi & Lestari (2010) reported that genus Aspergillus sp. is fungi which has a better ability than Fusarium sp.
to decolorize handmade batik wastewater.
The problem of this research was how the ability of mycelia pellets of Aspergillus sp. to decolorized the dyes. The purpose of this research was to investigate the ability of the mycelia pellets of Aspergillus sp. on dyes decolorization.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
The material used in this research was isolate of Aspergillus sp. (Dewi et al., 2018a,b).
The tools used in this research are rotary shaker, spectrophotometry, pH meter, sterile blender, laminar airflow (LAF), and autoclave.

Test solution preparation
The test solution also prepared and consisted of 90 mL Malt Extract (ME) medium and 10 mL dye solution (Zhang & Yu, 2000). The test solution was contained as 100 ppm dye solution.

Adsorbent preparation (Zhang &Yu, 2000).
The fungi cultures are inoculated on ME medium and cultivated on the rotary shake bath 100 rpm for five days. Then, mycelia pellets were homogenized aseptically by using the sterilized blender. Five millilitres inoculum continued to inoculate on ME medium. Then, Erlenmeyer flask was incubated on rotary shaker 100 rpm for four days. Mycelia pellets were formed, harvested, and used as 5 g wet pellets in 100 mL test solution.

Treatments preparation.
The sampling was carried out for 24 hours.
Then, the samples were analyzed for dye decolorization test and pH measurement.

Dye decolorization
The samples were analyzed by UV-vis spectrophotometry.
The percentage of decolorization was analyzed by the formula:

RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The decolorization assay has been carried out on the RBBR dye and Indigosol Blue dye by using mycelial pellets of Aspergillus sp. The initial dye concentration on the test solution was 100 ppm. The decolorization percentage of Indigosol Blue dye and RBBR dye was shown in Figure 1.  The result showed that the pH of mycelia pellets of Aspergillus sp. on Indigosol Blue dye was 4.27, while RBBR dye was 4.52. Then, the pH of control on Indigosol Blue dye was 5.19, while RBBR dye was 5.9. It means that the mycelia pellets of Aspergillus sp. had the ability to decolorize the dye indicated by decreasing pH. This is similar to Hadianto (2000), in the decreasing of acidic pH conditions, the absorbance value decreases so that the percentage of decolorization is greater. Kunjadia et al. (2016) reported that the effect of initial pH on dye decolorization by fungi varied depending on the type of the dye. Yucel  Correspondingly, the pH of Indigosol dye after decolorizattion process was lower than RBBR dye.
It might be indicated that the Indigosol Blue dye was easier to decolorized than RBBR dye. RBBR dye has a chemical formula C22H16N2Na2O11S3 ). Steingruber (2004 also reported that the chemical formula of Indigosol dye is C16H10N2O2. It is indicated that Indigosol Blue dye had a total of 16 Carbon, 10 Hydrogen, and 2 Oxygen. Besides, RBBR had a total of 22 Carbon, 16 Hydrogen, and 11 Oxygen. Indigosol dye is a reactive synthetic dye commonly used as a fabric dye and widely used to produce light and bright colors . Indigosol Blue is one of the anthraquinone synthetic dyes (Herfiani et al., 2017). RBBR ( Figure 3) is an anthraquinone dye which is one of the chromophoric groups (Rahmat et al., 2016).
RBBR was widely used in the textile industry due to its favourable characteristics such as low energy consumption, simple application techniques and not readily biodegradable (Ahmad & Alrozi, 2011).