CIVIC TRANSPORT DUTY AS SERVICE PERFORMED FOR THE TSARIST ARMY STATIONED IN THE KINGDOM OF POLAND IN THE LIGHT OF THE TRANSPORTATION ACT OF MAY 4, 1858

This text focused on the implementation of the provisions concerning civil transport services rendered for the sake of the Russian occupational (Active) Army stationed in the Kingdom of Poland by the Administrative Council of the Kingdom of Poland, there. The above-mentioned Transportation Act of May 4, 1858, generally refers though to the old solutions, mostly in force since 1831, or even from the time of the pre-revolutionary era. Writing down and introducing once again some of these provisions was, as it might seem, a part of the process of regulating within the frames of law, this aspect of relations between the invading Russian military power and the Polish subdued society.


IMPLEMENTATION OF THE TRANSPORT DUTY AT THE BEGINNING OF OPERATION IN THE CONQUERED KINGDOM OF POLAND BY THE OCCUPYING RUSSIAN (ACTIVE) ARMY AFTER SEPTEMBER OF 1831
were submitted by many local citizens, private transportation vehicles, [being] at the disposal of the competent [military] authorities". Despite being the obvious military source of demand, the burden of civic transport service for the army was constantly exercised only on the basis of response to exact orders submitted by the government to the local administrative staff 8 . The implementation of these formal transportation obligations was at 1838, associated mainly with the dislocation of the 4th Infantry Corps of the Russian Army in the territory of the Kingdom of Poland. This particular corps held various marches during the twelve months of the year, "either making a replacement to the military garrison stationed in Warsaw or assembling for the camp" near the Polish capital. It was only from this camp that individual parts of the 4th Infantry Corps were subjected to further dislocation to chosen places of permanent abode in the Kingdom. Another reason for the extraordinary frequent marches of the tsarist army stationed in the Vienna Congress, Poland, in 1838 is tied to the imposition on the mentioned 4th Corps of the (Active) Army's duty to convoy fresh recruits, being led from the Vienna Congress, Poland, to the main territory of Nicholas I's Empire 9 .
Finally, it should be noticed here, that apparently in the period following, particularly in the span of the forties and fifties of the19th century, until 1858, there appeared a considerate number of changes in the formal frames of the performance of civic transport services done to the Russian Army (which was partly inspired by disturbances in the European policy, especially after 1848). However, it can be said that besides the necessity of fulfilling the huge requirement of the Russian (Active) Army, almost constantly being on the move in Poland with diverse exercises and drills, the obligation of transporting recruits seems to be one of the main transportation burdens in the entire inter-uprising interval that was carried out in conquered Poland for the needs of the Russian occupation military staff.

TRANSPORT ACT CONCERNING CIVILIAN SERVICES FOR THE RUSSIAN ARMY STATIONED IN THE KINGDOM OF POLAND, FROM MAY 4, 1858
After the changes caused by Russia's defeat at the Crimean War, among many "facilitations" introduced with the consent in accordance with the intentions of the new Muscovite tsar -Alexander II, the development of detailed regulations regarding the implementation of transportation duty carried out in the Kingdom of Poland (in particular: providing private transport for the Russian army stationed in the occupied Vienna Congress Kingdom) found its turn. The aim was to introduce into the Kingdom such duty of the transport service on which lies its (new) solutions in legal forms, authorising the supply of carts and wagons for the army on principles similar to those applicable in the Russian Empire itself. The idea was as though these solutions would have "possibly been reconciled with the [geographic] location of the country, with local customs and local relations". As it was primarily said, the main task of the lawmakers was now to clarify the weight of the load, which should be carried by the private carts and wagons for delivery to the army 10 . It seems it was a difficult task, whereas in the Russian Empire mostly and basically only one-horse carts were used, with the permissible load weight of up to 15 pounds (that is, 246 kg). In the Kingdom at the same, time there were one, two, three and even four-horse wagons in permanent usage, which of course implied an increased in the weight of the burden they should carry 11 .
The Government Commission finally elaborated the relevant regulations for Internal and Spiritual Affairs, which remained at that time under the authority of the Chief Executive President of a pure Russian nationality, Secretary-Counselor Muchanov. During the development of a new draft of the law, the Chief of Staff stationed in the Kingdom of Poland's First (Active) Army submitted numerous applications.
In the final version of the new draft of the law, the forms of "recalculation" methods and rules of transporting goods and items by the Russian army, stationed in the Empire itself as in the Kingdom of Poland, were specified. Precisely, the 16. Article of the new law act in its appendix No. 2 deliberated this issue in details, indicating that two-horse vehicles operating in the Kingdom should take cargo intended for four-horse units operating in the Russian Empire (even these ones were rarely used in Russia). At the same time, three one-horse wagons from the Kingdom were considered to be equivalent to two one-horse carts from the Imperial territory. Due to these theoretical calculations, a rather complicated logistic problem was solved (but that happened only as late as in 1858, 27 years after the fall of the November Uprising). From then on, it became legally regulated that a Russian military unit arriving in the Kingdom of Poland from the Russian Empire, for example, with the burden taken there on four one-horse wagons, had the right to demand, while entering the territory of Kingdom, the "substitution" (which means delivery of civic transport means), composed of three two-horse carts or six one-horse wagons, etc. 12 .
In the pre-final stage of the legislative process, the new law was outlined, arranged and prepared by the Government Commission of Internal and Spiritual Affairs and the Chief of the General Staff of (Active) Army. Having discussed all the details among themselves, the lawgivers formally presented the new law for acceptance to the forum of the most important civic administrative authority of the Kingdom, the Administrative Council. Discussion on the subject (according to the minutes) took place on April 22 / May 4, 1858, when following the general line of the supposition of the military representatives of Tsar Alexander II, the same day, the Administrative Board decided to fully confirm the new civic-military transport provisions.
The new law was officially entitled: "The provisions on the supply for the army of carts of citizens in the Kingdom of Poland". Secondly, it was clearly stated on May 4, 1858, that the new law, as formally binding on both military and civilian, would become the regulations in force, starting from June 19 / July 1, 1858. Point three of the regulation mentioned that all provisions introduced in the past in the field, concerning the supply of private vehicles for the Russian troops stationed in the Kingdom of Poland have lost validity; this was supposed to happen exactly on the date of effect of the new legal solutions. Finally, the Administrative Council ordered the posting of the new regulation in the Official Law Digest of the Kingdom, for which the Government Commission of Internal and Spiritual Affairs was responsible.
In accordance with the general criteria used as the basis for military transport regulations in the Kingdom of Poland, its application in relation to the civilian population was based on the general principle of carts and wagons being delivered by residents of both cities and municipalities. However, in the Capital City of Warsaw, contracts for military transport services was signed with accepted entrepreneurs (who would act as a sort of substitute for the inhabitants) who undertook the implementation of this task by concluding an appropriate contract with the city's magistrate. Such agreements had to be approved by the Government Commission for Internal and Spiritual Affairs. Another important principle worth mentioning here was the recognition of the obligation, which considers the transportation service duty as binding in the field of movement of military people as well as goods/items, generally belonging to the tsarist army.
Article 2 of the Act of May 4, 1858, stated that the carts and wagons had to be supplied by the public "for transporting from one place to another, military loads and requisites. This is possibly due to the implementation of the military personal movement process, as well as due to the movement of any other persons possessing, under the provisions of the Law on Transportation, the right to demand delivery of [private] transport to them". With a clear assumption of providing mostly two-horse carts and wagons for the transporting of items/persons, the legislators pointed out the awareness that in some territorial regions (parts) of the Kingdom, it was a common and vivid rule to use only single-horse vehicles for carrying loads, which in turn meant the use of only such harnesses in those areas, that were adapted to be used by one horse only.
In connection with the above, Article 3 of the new law act allowed the use of one-horse wagons to carry goods belonging to the Russian army, stationed in the Kingdom. The principle of "counting" two one-horse carts for the replacement of one two-horse wagon was applied here, this refers to both the calculation of the size and weight of the transported load, and to the calculation of fees for using such transportation vehicles. On the other hand, in the case of transporting military and other persons entitled to use this private service, it was possible to deliver one-horse or two-horse carts or wagons, this depended on: a) "requirement"; b) circumstances; c) and local customs. Such a solution (that is, allowing the use of only a one or two-horse vehicle instead of other means of transportation) was not in force in a number of special incidents or occasions, involving staff-officers and ober-officers. It was also not allowed to make such a replacement in a considerable number of situations related to the implementation of the military census, or the transport of recruits. Finally, in the content of "general entries or situations", there was also a reservation about the possibility of extraordinary demand of: a) three-horse vehicles; b) four-horse carts and wagons; c) transport carried out by oxen; d) and only horses themselves 13 .
The second chapter of the Civil-Military Transportation Act specified the type of military units and sort of persons that possessed the privilege to take advantage of the use of the obligatory delivered vehicles in the Kingdom of Poland. Foremost among these, are included such privileges: a) regiments and battalions of sappers and customs riflemen; b) batteries and parks of tsar's artillery; and finally and most spoken about c) "other army units". According to Article 6 of the Act of May 4, 1858, it was necessary to deliver and provide all of these (being in March) units, fully satisfactory and abundant number of horses and vehicles. This had to be provided in exactly the same quantity as it was displayed in the individual orders issued to the (Active) Army, as well as in the other authorisations issued by the military commander-inchief, mostly in the form of road cards.
In addition, authorised officers with the responsiblity of drawing of plans and making similar reconnaissances, or any scientific activities (like scientific research for instance) of a strictly military nature were also granted the use of these deliveries by the civilian populace vehicles. This concerns "all military delegates [sent] in the service's interests". The condition, however, to obtain the possibility of using the carts and wagons was in all these cases dependent not only on the issuing of the road cards to all previously described individuals in accordance with the applicable regulations, but also on strict accessibility to the special fund, allocated to cover the renting of a vehicle for them. Such content of Article 7 of the Act of May 1858 was based on the instruction of the order issued previously by Marshal Paskievich to the (Active) Army on October 31 / November 12, 1831, no. 561, and especially in Articles 2 and 3. On the other hand, staff-officers sent for business purposes (except for situations referring to the work of conscripts commissions and for running recruits), received four-horse carts and wagons at their disposal. Additionally, each of the ober-officers and all members of the staff holding equivalent positions in the Military Board received the right to use two-horse wagons. In the event, that several ober-officers journeyed to the same location, then one twohorse vehicle was allocated to two of them each, regardless of whether they are accompanied by servants or not 14 .
The transport of military patients is extremely important from the point of view of the idea of proper solving of logistic problems, therefore, was planned in a very precise way. In this relation, it was then described in detail in the new provisions, first, the appropriate procedures for travelling through the territory of the Kingdom of Poland of: a) military units at the moment of passing the Russian-Polish border, not encountered among the current full time composition of the Active Army military powers stationed there, and without their own medical "props"; b) individual army "commands", marching through successive stages.
In these two cases, the new law precisely indicated the number and size of carts and wagons to be delivered for the purpose of transporting military patients, calculated in relation to the numerical status of entire units. Consequently: a) for single-unit commands composed of up to 25 soldiers, one single-horse cart was to be provided; b) for commands with a personal composition closing between 25 and 50 people, one two-horse vehicle was reserved for the transport of patients. In this way, the principle of enlarging the "sanitary transportation fleet" of a given marching/riding horse military unit in relation to a one-horse wagon for every (next) 25 people, or a two-horse vehicle for each of the next 50 soldiers, was adopted.
The principle of the maximum limitation on the use of means of transportation for the sick "ordinary soldier" patients was introduced. As a result, in the unit composition of up to 50 people, with no more than one or two ordinary soldiers (privates in particular) in sick condition, then it was ordered to add to such a marching/riding column only with one singlehorse wagon "for use". For three or four patients, it was necessary to secure one two-horse cart in such a department, while for five and six non-disposable military persons, the legislation provided a single-horse cart and a two-horse wagon for their transportation; successively, for seven and eight patients it was necessary to provide a double two-horse wagons, etc. As a result, the principle practice of having the carriage of one or two patients on a one-horse cart as well as three or four patients on a cart drawn by two horses was developed.
Furthermore, non-standard incidents were not forgotten, that is, concerning transporting military patients through those areas of the Kingdom of Poland where the practice of using "only two-horse carts" was overwhelmingly practised. Hence, in areas of the country where such common practice was in general acceptance, instead of carts drawn by one horse, it was formally possible to add the sanitary services of the tsar's army for just two-horse wagons, thus replacing the original arrangement and purpose of the single-horse vehicles. However, when in effect it turned out that in accordance with the provisions of the Military Transport Act, it was possible to deliver only carts with two horses, then the payment made by the authorities for providing transport equated the regular sum paid for providing the one horsedrawn vehicle.
Alternatingly, in these areas of the Kingdom, where only one-horse wagons were traditionally used, they could be supplied for the medical purposes of the Russian army instead of two-horse vehicles. It was clear that two wagons with one horse were formally "the equivalent of a two-horse transportation vehicle". All these solutions, posted in the content of Article 9 of the Act of May 1858, seemed to bear direct reference to the provisions already contained in the Order No. 196, addressed to the (Active) Army on October 12/24, 1837, as well as in Articles 1732, 1733 and 1734, published in the Book III, Part IV of the Military Declaration Digest of 1838 15 .
A separate and extremely important issue was the matter of transporting officials in active participation in the military census taking place successively in the Kingdom of Poland, as well as in the process of recruitment of Polish citizens to the tsarist army. To secure their proper transport, all members of the Census Delegations and Recruiters' Offices (Recruitment Offices), as well as the clerks/writers assisting them, had to be provided with carts and wagons delivered by the local inhabitants of the country. Similar rights were also assigned to officers of the Russian (Active) Army affiliated to the Census Delegations and Recruitment Offices, who were themselves obliged to travel "to the appropriate places to settle recruitment activities". Similarly, the same privilege was granted to the officers of the (Active) Army that were instructed to perform a military census, and as such "translocated" from one area to another.
While performing these duties, the following classes of military staff and clerks or officials were supported in the form of delivery of diverse types of transport motion as: a) for staff-officers -three-horse wagons; b) for ober-officers -two-horse wagons; c) for civil servants of the sixth administrative rank -four-horse wagons; d) for civil servants of the seventh and eighth administrative ranks -three-horse wagons; e) civil servants of the ninth and tenth classes -two-horse wagons; f) for officials of lower classes of administrative classification, sent alone to perform their duties -two-horse wagons; g) and finally, for officers and administrative aides sent in groups (usually in a number of two individuals) -a two-horse wagon. Such a solution, contained in Article 12 of the analysed Civil-Military Transportation Act, corresponded to the previous entries written in: a) the tsarist order (ukaz) of 1850, referring to diets and travel costs, b) in the Instruction for the Chiefs of the Recruiters Units of October 21 / November 2, 1853; c) and in particular in Article 20 thereof Regulation 16 .
The law of May 4, 1858, in its Article 11 confirmed that sick "military census members" (persons selected in obligatory recruitment to join the ranks of the tsarist army) are to be transported from individual district (poviat) towns of their origin to the actual places of enrolment of already chosen recruits with the support of civic transportation measures. In these cases, they had to be transported (but only in case of being ill) on a one or two-horse carts and wagons, whose obligation had to be performed on principles identical to those described inaforementioned Article 9 of the new provisions. In addition, it was necessary to 15  provide transport for one or two officials, running and directing the unit/group of the newly recruited military census members. These officials, possessing specific allowances, were apparently obliged to pay instantly from their subsidies for the fare of vehicles they took. Such solutions were a sort of direct reference to the decision of the Administrative Council of March 23 / April 4, 1837, No. 3061 17 .
According to the new law, during the transport of recruits from the Kingdom of Poland to the territory under the direct power of the Russian Empire, different vehicles had to be delivered for different eligible categories of men. Therefore, for the chiefs of successive recruit units/parties, the following were assigned: a) those in the rank of non-commissioned officersthe-horse wagons; b) the ober-officers -two-horse wagons. In the case of chiefs, the private transport on carts or wagons was provided for them either to the final assembly point or to the Kingdom's border and back.
Also for the physicians accompanying the recruitment units, different numbers of transport horses were allocated, according to their military of civil "ranks and grades". So one can see that: a) the staff physicians, in the rank of staff-officers, received the three-horse wagons; b) doctors with lower administrative grades than a collegiate assessor were guaranteed to use carts with two horses. Essentially, as in the case of the chiefs of the recruit parties/units, transport privileges included physicians or doctors travelling to the point, where some other authorities would take supervision over these recruits, which traditionally happens at the border of the Kingdom, and returning to the place of their permanent abode. Another category of people who had the right of use of civic transport for the sake of their movement in connection with the "delivery of new recruits" were the non-commissioned officers, sent in front of the marching column to prepare the suitable quarters in advance. They possessed the privilege to use a two-horse cart for these purposes, but carrying them no further than the assembly point, or to the exact border of the Kingdom.
The general transport for sick recruits was organised on similar terms as those described in Article 9 of this Act. Finally, in the case of transporting soldiers weakened by sickness, being enrolled in the commands escorting recruits, the same legal conditions were applied, granting them civil transport to the assembly point, or to the Kingdom's border, and on the way back to the permanent residence of their regiment. This solution was adopted in 1858 following Article 20 and 156 of the Instruction for the Chiefs of the Recruiters Units from October 21 / November 2, 1853 18 .
Civil vehicles were also supplied on similar terms as those specified in Article 9 of this Act for several other categories of people. They mainly include: a) soldiers experiencing disabilities, b) other seriously ill lower-rank military, who were just released from the army and were "handed over" to the civil authorities. Besides military cripples and seriously ill soldiers, a strongly confirmed possibility to use a civic transport was also granted to the wives of a deceased military (alone or with children), who were travelling to places of their original settlement, or residence. Such support could be granted "through the mediation of civil authorities". The same privileges included the "constantly vacant soldiers" who could not continue on their way to their chosen place of permanent residence by marching on their own feet, mostly on the grounds of weakness.
All these categories of people were assigned transport, though, only at the beginning of the process of transferring them from the "state of form of military readiness and obedience" under the supervision and care of the civil administrative power, they were simultaneously given and provided with "formal calls for civic transportation", signed by the local (gubernia) war chiefs or by the (military) city commanders, and eventually by the governors of the military staging areas. Another possibility was the firm recognition by the civilian branch of the Kingdom's administration, under which the given former military people were shifted the indispensable need to provide them with some transportation means. These solutions were adopted in 1854, respecting the decision of the Administrative Council from December 18/30, 1842, No. 31 595 19 .
It sometimes happens, that wives and children of recruits or soldiers of the tsarist army coming from the territory of the Kingdom of Poland, might be willing to follow their "husbands and fathers being relocated from the Kingdom to the Empire". In such a case, Article 14 of the Act of May 4, 1856, granted them the free delivery of a cart or wagon at each staging area. Such entitlement meant granting: a) a single one-horse cart for one, two or three wives of soldiers or recruits; b) an identical form of transport for three travelling children of soldiers, or recruits. This solution resulted from the provisions of the order (ukaz) of Field Marshal Paskievich, addressed to the (Active) Army of March 24 / April 5, 1835, No. 465, and the decision of the Administrative Council of March 31 / April 12, 1842, No. 24 050 20 .
Besides the army staff itself, members of some other quasi-military services were also entitled to use civic transportation. Following this idea, the gendarmes (members of the transport police) would escort to the provincial cities, people: a) accused of arbitrary/illegal crossing of the border and b) hand over to the Russians at special exchange border points by the other two partitioning countries (Prussia and Austria). Similarly, civic carts and wagons were used to transport in military convoy "criminals, charged with political activities". For this type of escorting, not only the gendarme were employed, but also the Don and the Ukrainian Cossacks, or military cripples, still in charge. The return journey of these gendarmes, Cossacks, etc, was also secured by providing them with civic one-horse vehicles.
The regulations from May 1858 defined the exact permissible weight of the items carried for the army on the civic carts and wagons. Primarily, it was noticed that during the passage of the military from one place to another, the number of vehicles intended for transporting "ammunition" (the last wording was the exact phrase used in the Russian version of the text, while in Polish, the phrase of unsuitable or rather unknown today phrase "cejchhauz" was invoked) should be adjusted to the weight of these items transported. In order to meet these requirements, it was assumed that a single two-horse wagon should be laden with a load not exceeding 20 pounds (327.6 kg). Nonetheless, in those parts of the Kingdom, where it was customary to use vehicles drawn only in one horse, each cart could be filled with load not exceeding the amount of 10 pounds (164 kg) 21 . In addition, it was also assumed that in the case when the weight of cargo to be transported varies between 164 kg and 328 kg, it was 19  necessary to provide a single two-horse wagon for its relocation. On the other hand, where a load with weight varying between 328 kg (20 pounds) and 492 kg (30 pounds) was to be transported, it was required to provide a two-horse platform and single one-horse wagon in order to properly transport this product.
Having calculated and indicated the permissible limit ranges of loads carried on individual private carts and wagons, it was explicitly expressed that among the various materials and objects transported by the military, civilian vehicles should carry only those items, which the authorities include in the category of goods whose transport in civic service was guaranteed by the existing legislation. Hence, before leaving from their permanent locations, it was customary for the "departing regiments" of the (Active) Army, to undergo the whole procedure of weighing these items or goods. It was, however, permissible to leave this sort of activity to the least partial responsibility of the representatives of the local civil authority.
After such a weigh-in, representatives of the civil administration of the Kingdom would issue a written certificate for the regiment or other military units, containing information on the "weight of the load of items carried". Subsequently, the commander of the regiment or unit should have presented to his superiors a certificate of weight of the transported goods, that he had previously received from the civil administration representatives. The next step in the procedure was to supply him with a "road card", based on which the local regiment of the army commander could request the delivery of the suitable number of citizen's vehicles.
Article 19 of the law of May 4, 1858, described conditions (according to the author of this text, -mentioned here, most probably meant the relative frequency of trespassing the existing provisions, including at least that merit) for transporting materials necessary to sew military uniforms, as well as "ammunition items". Apparently, it was a general rule here that one could demand vehicles suitable "for carrying various [State] Treasury effects referring to uniforms of soldiers" and "ammunition stuff" (it is worth mentioning that this last type of commodity does not appear in same passage of the Polish text) to the place of steady or permanent accommodation of the military unit. But in order for civic vehicles to be granted such privileges, there were some strict conditions attached and it was possible only when: a) the regiment, eventually some other unit of the tsarist army, having received materials from the Commissariat of the Army, was for one reason or another unable to complete the delivery of full dress uniforms for soldiers; b) problems occurred while completing some activities related to the preparation of these "ammunition materials" on the spot. In both cases, the "external delivery" supported by civic means of transportation might have taken place not later than three months from the date of the problem. Nonetheless, it was strongly pointed out that in the event that after the said three-month period from the date of their receipt from the Army Commissariat, these goods were still unprocessed, then their further transport should not be carried out on civilian grounds, but rather be carried out at the expense of the individual military commanders responsible. In these circumstances, it is suitable to admit that in a case when any possible delay in the preparation of soldiers' uniforms or required "ammunition materials" was caused by events "deserving justification", then the appropriate military authorities should call on their immediate superiors in order to obtain authorisation request for the delivery of civic transportation of these goods. Such a solution was in line with order No. 15, issued by the (Active) Army commander-in-chief in 1856. The load of the "sewing" and "ammunition" materials to be transported was, moreover, set in exactly the same way as for all other military "utensils" 22 .
In reference to the problem of the road cards, legislators decided in May 1858 to express the strict rule demanding that the civic vehicles be formally made available exclusively only to the members of the Russian army who would be able to provide such a "referral for use of a civic transport". Despite these clearly spoken conditions, the solution at stake was not to be performed arbitrarily and at all time. Firstly, the commanders of the gendarmerie had the right to request for private transportation delivery without presenting any road cards, which, however, did not release them from the need to pay the appropriate monetary rate for the trip. The local civil authorities were obliged to issue receipts for transportation fees obtained in this manner. The above was based on the decision of Ivan Paskevich, acting as a tsarist governor of the Kingdom of Poland, which was published on June 24 / July 6, 1843, under No. 3 208 23 .
Likewise, officers and members of other military staff involved in carrying out conscripts, and transporting recruits did not have to show their road cards. As it was stated in point b) of Article 20 of the law act discussed here, the lack of the need to show road cars (this time it was written in the original: "destination card") resulted this time from the possibility of presenting by them, some other "ordinances of the appropriate authority", that would be shown for inspection instead of a road card.
One way or another, there was the substantial need to write in such an ordinance, the information concerning the exact authority claim for the delivery of the private vehicles, required for the execution of the military-administrative process of relocation of items and people 24 .
Of course, road cards were made according to a uniform official sample. These cards, signed by the Main Army Commissariat were officially issued "on the orders of the Serene Lord, Tsar of All Russia, King of Poland, etc". Formally, the person responsible for issuing the road cards was apparently the current duty officer (in the rank of a general) of a tsarist army. If the general on duty either did not want to or could not sign all the road cards personally (which was rather reasonable to expect as doing so consumes much of his time), he could just simply send blank forms of these cards to individual staffs of corps and divisions, deployed in the Kingdom of Poland, as well as to the commanders of fortresses and cities, and finally to the governors of provincial governorates (interestingly enough, in this census the "military district/poviat army chiefs" were omitted). Whereupon this last solution was introduced, then was the issuing of the military road cards " continued as the need arose and in strict compliance with the regulations". It was a direct reference to the already mentioned command of Field Marshal Paskievich to the (Active) Army of October 31 / November 12, 1831, No. 561 made in full compliance and accuracy to its Article 10. The chiefs of diverse departments of particular types of troops in various military boards, receiving these blank forms of the road cards were automatically obliged to submit to the Main Army Commissariat a full summary of the current use of these blanks. This solution would then be adopted in reference to the order issued to the (Active) Army on June 16/28 1856, in its Article 13.

131.
In the content of the typical/standard road card, it was possible to read that it was issued to the bearer by the proper authorities, valid from a particular point of departure to the specific town / geographical point of arrival. It was further affirmed that the card was issued "in accordance with the regulations approved by the Commander-in-Chief [of the Active Army]". All of this resulted to the obvious conclusion that "it was recommended to deliver [to the bearer of a given road card] at each staging area, marked in the attached route scheme, a certain number of vehicles. It was not allowed to deviate from the course of its designated route. The road card stipulated at the same time the kind of civil transportation vehicles to be delivered (usually these were one or two-horse carts and wagons, as only these types of vehicles were originally mentioned in the standard form of the typical card), and the fee for which each of these means of transportation were charged for 25 . Having received a road card, as well as the exact sum of money required to cover the anticipated payment for the hiring of the citizens' vehicles, and finally after completing part of the journey, a member of the military staff had to make sure that the civil servant's receipt for collecting the money provided at each staging area was exactly suitable for the number of versts/miles travelled (and the number of carts or wagons delivered, with the number of horses used to drive them). And above all, while in possession of the road card, the Russian military had to check whether the amount of money accepted was in line with the sum recorded in the appropriate "heading" of such a road card. Another duty of a given "beneficiary of civic transport" to the military was the need to "showing back" a road card to "the same authority that had previously signed it for him", which had to be done no later than two weeks after arriving at his final destination. In the event of failure to meet these requirements by the person to whom the road card had been issued, a complete sum of the money previously paid for renting a vehicle was to be deducted from the salary of such a negligent military. Another threat was to draw such a military man to "strict responsibility" for failing to comply with the current legal regulations 27 .
Generally, Article 24 of the Act of May 4, 1858, recalled the conditions to be met so that road cards issued for the purpose of transporting military people/items would correspond to all formal requirements. The following conditions are shown below: a) the need to enter the name of the regiment, battalion or unit in the proper "heading" of the road card; b) the necessity of writing down the name of the person for whom the card was signed; c) the need to write down the exact person who would eventually use the card; d) to determine the departure and arrival locations of the interested person. If the road card has been issued for the whole military unit, then it was necessary to specify the exact number of civic vehicles to be used: a) for carrying weapons and ammunition etc; b) for sick soldiers; c) in relation to all other persons and items intended for transportation from one place to another. Furthermore, there is the need to enter in the road card: a) the number of versts/miles to be travelled; b) the exact route of the journey; c) individual staging stations; d) the total amount of currency to be paid for all civic vehicles used.
As it also resulted from, the next Article 25 of the Military and Transport Act of May 1858, any civil servants providing for the army, on the basis of presenting to him a road card, civic transport vehicles (regardless of whether it was: the commune head, president or mayor of the city, or any other official) -was strongly obliged to "clearly" enter in the appropriate heading of this card, the exact amount of money received for this service done. That official had to provide the relevant information confirmed by his signature and application of the seal to the exact page of the road card 28 .
Additionally, it specified how the chiefs of specific tsarist army divisions deployed in the territory of the Kingdom of Poland must behave in the matter of issuing road cards for the transporting of items and people by civic carts and wagons. This time concerning these heads of army units and regiments, that were not consisting the official parts of the military corps of (Active) Army. Indeed, it was pointed out that, after having received from being under their command, specific regiments, battalions and companies certificates of their readiness for departure, confirming altogether the actual weight of the transported "military effects", these chiefs would issue road cards, permitting hiring of private vehicles " in the number corresponding to the overall weight of carried goods". This wording was explicitly applied to Article 12 of the command of Field Marshal Paskievich given to the (Active) Army on October 31 / November 12, 1831, No. 561 29 .
And finally, it seems extremely important that there was included in the new law, the exact order for the military authorities issuing the road cards to proceed with utmost accurate compliance with the existing rules. None of the transport law was to be violated by these formal activities. In relation to petitions that would not meet these criteria, it was absolutely necessary to refuse to issue road cards 30 .
Analysing the technical aspect of payroll conditions for the supply of civic vehicles for the purpose of army movement, the Act of May 4, 1858 stated in its Article 27, that the vehicles delivered for the transport of military materials should be of capacity, where: a) twohorse cart or wagon could carry the load of 20 pounds (almost 328 kg); b) single-horse carts or wagons could transport the load of 10 pounds (about 164 kg). On the other hand, fourhorse vehicles should be capable of taking up to 40 pounds (656 kg) of the weight of various military goods, while a fee equivalent to two fares for two-horse carts or wagons was paid for them. It was a generally accepted rule that one could get only ½ of the number of four-horse vehicles "in relation to the number of two-horse carts or wagons".
The Civil-Military Transport Act set clear fees for the use of civic vehicles. The gratification for the hiring of single one-horse vehicle, delivered either for the purpose of transporting of military items, or for the sake of carriage of persons, was set at the level of 4 silver kopecks for one mile/verst. The remuneration for single two-horse drawn carts or wagon used for journeys undertaken in order to develop topographical plans (as well as in cases when it was impossible to strictly specify "time consumed by the ride itself"), was established in accordance with the following principles: a) in the case where the vehicle was in motion within time of up to 7 hours, then one had to pay15 silver kopecks for each hour of use of such transport; b) in the case where these carts or wagons were hired for more than seven hours, 1 ruble and 12 ½ silver kopecks was to be paid for the whole day. Such a solution referred to the decision of the Administrative Council of June 15/27, 1854, specifying the fee for the civic vehicles delivered "to supply the [constant stream of motion, practised in] the stations on postal routes" 31 .
In case of persons who have legitimate right to demand civil transport, for private onehorse vehicles provided for the carriage of military loads (carried out in the circumstances described in Article 3 of the law of May 4, 1858), a fee equal to ½ of the amount of money charged normally for two-horse drawn carts and wagons was established. It meant the necessity of paying for each one-horse vehicle, the charge of 2 silver kopecks for each mile/verst. For using three horse carriages, it was worth paying 6 kopecks for each mile/verst of the voyage.
The tsarist army could demand, in selected situations and most of all during winter, horse-drawn sledges, instead of ordinary horse-drawn carts and wagons. In such cases, the fee for the horse used to pull the sledge had to be paid "as for the typical vehicle", that is, it was paid for using one "sleigh horse" as for an ordinary single-carriage wagon, which is 2 silver kopecks for one mile/verst. Alternatively, for the two horses running the sleigh, it was decided to pay as for a typical two-horse vehicle, that is, 4 silver kopeks for one mile/verst. For three "pulling sleigh" horses, a payment identical to the one expense established for one "ordinary" double wagon and one single wagon was made. Finally, for four horses running a sleigh, it was necessary to pay as for two "double-wagons". Furthermore, in exceptional situations, for example, where there was evident lack or shortage of horses in a given area, it was envisaged to use oxen in their place. The invading tsarist troops stationed in the Kingdom of Poland usually harnessed a pair of oxen to carts in such situations, replacing the horses.
Regarding the very process of payment of fees for civic vehicles, Article 35 of the Act of May 4, 1858, demanded that the charge for their delivery of the needs of the tsarist army (possibly also used as transport necessary in other matters related to the functioning of the Active Army) generally had to be handed over to the carter after the usage of the horse-drawn cart or wagon (possibly pulled by oxen) 32 .
The military authorities issuing road cards to Russian officers or to other members of the tsarist military staff were obliged to deliver to the interested persons, an appropriate amount of money, derived from a general military fund. Subsequently, the official donor had to ask for the refunding of such a sum from the Main Army Commissariat. In the case of delegating officers remaining under the management of the General Quartermaster of the (Active) Army, the latter donated the money for the voyage "in a way of promotion", using his own special fund. Return of money amounts set for this purpose had to be done immediately after the submission of bills to the proper military authorities.
For hiring civic transportation: a) provided for military Russian staff of lower ranks, b) delivered for sentenced detainees kept in staging areas under the military custody; c) provided for soldiers escorting these detainees, the fee was normally not immediately paid and in cash. Instead, the chiefs of staging areas had to write down appropriate formal receipts. At the "intermediate stations" (that is, where there were no staging area chiefs functioning), the same receipts were issued by the chiefs of convoys, transporting the above-mentioned military/detainees. Such (as shown above in figure 2) receipts, as well as the "liquidations" submitted by the local civil authorities, are allocated to cover the costs of private services done for the sake of transportation of the Russian (Active) Army, had to be honoured by the local "military chiefs" (these were commanders of all sort of occupying tsarist army, stationed on the territory of one gubernia). These gubernial military chiefs were obliged to send monthly paid receipts to the Main Commission of the (Active) Army, which was resident in the military stronghold in Brześć Litewski (Brest), outside the Vienna Congress Kingdom of Poland. At the same time, they had to pay special attention to the dating of the receipts sent to the Brześć Litewski receipts. If the receipts at stake were not sent to the Main Commission of the (Active) Army within a year from the date of the actual use of their basis of civil transport, then the payment of the debt by the State Treasury could no longer take place. This was done under Article 301 placed in the Book III, Part IV of the Military Declaration Digest 34 .
In reference to the above, the chapter eight of the Civil-Military Transport Act of May 4, 1858, included detailed information on "funds, from which the fee for the private carts and wagons were to be paid". It was found that in most cases, the hiring expenses for the transportation were to be paid "from the relevant funds, allocated annually by the State Treasury". It meant in reality that they were coming from the budget of the Kingdom of Poland. The appropriate financial instructions were to be implemented "on the basis of detailed orders of higher authorities".
The amounts allocated from these funds could be distributed only while maintaining the general rules of accounting and cash accounting in force at that time in the Kingdom of Poland. Another permanent rule was the necessity to fully comply in this respect with all legal solutions adopted by the Governmental Committee of Internal and Spiritual Affairs and in particular with the provisions defining the rules for granting and determining the number of civic vehicles supplied. In selected cases as before, the costs of renting transport for military purposes had to be covered in the first stage by the Main Commissariat of the (Active) Army 35 .
Stationed in the stronghold of Brześć Litewski, the Main Commission of the (Active) Army is obligated to submit to the above-mentioned provisions laid upon a number of organisational units of the tsarist army, which had to send at the end of each month comprehensive bills of expenditure spent for civic transport. Attached to these bills prepared according to a detailed formula (  Financial settlements (also called "liquidations") of diverse transport funds and hiring of vehicles bills should contain exact amounts of expenses, covering the whole period of one month, while "not including" road cards, or other spending coming from the period of other months. Article 44 of the Act of May 4, 1858 made it clear that every Russian military crossing the border of the Kingdom of Poland, provided only with a road card authorising him to go one way to the border point, was solely obliged to return such road card (covering the last road phase he had travelled in the territory of the Kingdom) "to the authority from which he had received it". In the absence of strict adherence to this provision, he had to, under strict responsibility, return this road card within two weeks from the moment of arrival at the post, where (his) regiment was stationed outside the Kingdom of Poland 37 . Finally, it was indisputable concerning the tsarist authorities that those financial settlements ("liquidations") that were not supported by receipts for the use of civil carts and wagons, as well as bills that were not referenced in specific road card records, are not generally considered legal and valid, that is, payable.
The last link in the entire "financial settlement process" of civic transport duties provided in the Kingdom of Poland for the sake of the Russian army was their "thorough checking" by the Brześć Main Commission of the (Active) Army. As previously stated, although this stronghold and locality were outside the borders of the Vienna Congress Kingdom of Poland, it was where after receiving the receipts for the rental of the civic vehicles, the fiscal documentation was finally checked. In the event that the legality of the evidence was found justified, the relevant amounts were "separated" and granted as "formal and irrevocable" funds intended to cover these demands.
In order to streamline the whole process, and make it subject to the closest possible control process, the chosen Russian general, Commissary of the (Active) Army, was to present to the Commander-in-Chief of the whole of the tsarist military, a kind of detailed financial settlement. Such a list included: a) the type of military formation applying for quotas for civic transportation; b) specific amounts of money that have been requested for this purpose; c) information "in what amount the expenditure for this kind of activities was found to be fully legal after a due check of receipts".
The penultimate chapter of the Civil-Military Transport Act of May 1858 was focused on penalties for non-compliance with applicable laws. Therefore, Article 47 (the first one in this respect) described the consequences related to the issuance of road cards and imposed on disposable persons. It was plainly stated that a military official who had the authority to hand over such travel documents, and nonetheless was issuing such a card in a manner inconsistent with the applicable regulations, as a consequence of his unlawful conduct had to pay a penalty in the exact amount of money that would be in this case required for formal hiring of a civilian vehicle. In such cases, the amounts due for the civic transportation were calculated according to postal rates. The appropriate amount of money was deducted from the wage of the person guilty of exceeding the provisions, and it was redirected to the fund "to which the expenditure on the hire of the cart or wagon was due". These penalties were imposed when: a) a road card was issued to a person (military), who did not actually possess the right to use civic transportation; b) in the case of writing a bigger number of carriages than was prescribed by the regulations in the road card.
The financial penalty was also applied to all military personnel who themselves choose to take up carts or wagons in numbers in excess of the transport service previously described in the road card. It was also obvious that every "private person" who illegally took or even falsified the road card, or who arbitrarily (that is, without the consent and order of the military authorities) used civil transport: a) was obliged to pay a penalty equal to the sum normally worth the entire journey; b) was held liable.
The Act of May 4, 1858, stressed the need for Russian military officers to properly deal with Polish civilian officials, who were actually delivering to the disposal of representatives of the tsarist army civil vehicles. According to the (new) provisions, every military man should behave "politely and decently", while applying for/demanding private transportation. The same attitude must be applied to the relations between the military staff and owners of carts or wagons, transporting either them or military items. When proven on the basis of a verbal (written) testimony presented in front of the local civil authorities, "disorder and violent evasion" were observed and confirmed, it threatened with severe consequences for those involved in this "crime" in the Russian military.
The Article 51 of the transportation law was extremely important, according to it the regiments of the tsarist army, as well as other military units and all persons have the right to demand the delivery of civil transport. However, it does not have the direct binding powers to be independent and simply "force" on its own, transportation services from local residents. Thus, the supply of civil transport services could only theoretically take place with the direct participation of local civilian authorities.
In order to provide for the local state administration the sufficient time to prepare the road cards, and most of all to keep the right order in delivering the vehicles (and especially directing them to the designated location), the Russian regiments or other military units should have sent their quartermasters to the representatives of the competent authorities in at least 24 hours in advance. So in this way of preemptive secondment of military quartermasters to the seats of local administration enabled quick and efficient conduct of the action of providing through the local civil authorities, private vehicles for the tsarist army. It should be remembered that not all private carts and wagons could be "used" farther than the nearest staging area. Another important indication was that civil transport could not be stopped in its march for more than one hour.
In order to fully control all these restrictions and regulations, a special ledger (pierced and sewn with thread and sealed at its end) was ordered to be kept at each staging area, where the number of civic vehicle lifts provided there was recorded. Such a book was kept in accordance with a special pattern, attached as an Annex numbered 4 to the text of the bill. The last (tenth) part of the law described here, implemented on the basis of the decision of the Administrative Council of May 4, 1858, concerned the issue of payment of dues for providing tsarist armies with private transportation by residents of the Kingdom. Hence, firstly, it was pointed out that in order to satisfy the citizens of the Kingdom with a proper (in the original: accurate) collection of fares for the delivered carts and wagons and perhaps even sledges, local administrative authorities (that is, presidents, mayors of cities and towns, and commune administrators) were obliged to maintain a special inspection book for this purpose. Keeping of this ledger was to be based on the legal basis created by the decision of the After the revamping of such a control ledger by the local chief of the district/poviat, all entries in the book's boxes (series of relevant contents) "should have been filled in with a clear and understandable text". The relevant writings were to refer to: a) indication of a military man, paying dues for the use of the civic transport; b) a detailed description of the funds allocated to the use of such carts or wagon (including: its formal name; the person for whom it was granted; the exact amount of money allocated for this specific purpose). The bookkeeper of the control ledger had to personally ensure that the receipts from the collection of transport money were signed by the interested persons only. In case the person driving the private vehicle was illiterate, it was required that: a) in the cities, the signs (crosses) put up by such an individual were confirmed by a witness, who could write by himself; b) in the villages, "in the absence of literate person, the payment had to be executed in the presence of the village mayors" 40 .
When the tsarist army suddenly and without any previous announcements was about to pass or was actually passing through towns or villages of the Kingdom of Poland, of whose march local chiefs of administration did not have any advance information, interested local presidents and mayors had to immediately notify the local poviat/district headman about such an event. This information should be accompanied by a detailed description and calculation of the amount of the fund left in the area by the various military headquarters to pay for civic 39  transportation. In reality, the money received was usually "promptly used to satisfy the residents who delivered the vehicles" 41 .
-In another sense, a form of supervision of the whole process of hiring by the Russian military Polish civic transport was the introduction of a warrant, informing that while revising district coffers, poviat chief's deputies would also revise ledgers, containing subscriptions for the civic transport. In addition, they had to obtain the opinions of the local residents, regarding possible complaints "in the matter of supply of carts and wagons for the army". In the case of real problems, the residents' applications to investigate complaints were sent back by the deputies of chiefs of district administration directly to their superiors, for further consideration. In general (as it was provided in Article 57 of the law act at stake), it was the duty of the district chiefs of administration to carry out periodic inspections every six months on the "citizen-transport books". In the event of the occurrence of "inaccuracies in control", or detection of possible abuse by local authorities, the district chiefs could serve some formal reminders to persons responsible for any faults and irregularities. The other option was to initiate criminal proceedings so that persons involved might be "brought to justice in adequate relation to the level of their guilt" 42 .

CONCLUSION
The maintenance in 1831 in the Kingdom of Poland and subsequent modifications in the inter-uprising period of provisions concerning civil transport of persons and goods belonging to the Russian occupation army finally led to the formal issuance of a new law by the Administrative Council in 1858. The Civil-Military Transport Act of May 4, 1858, however, contrary to expectations, in principle (except for a few exceptions) was rather a sort of compilation of already introduced (sometimes quite long ago) current civil laws and mainly military regulations. It seems that it could not be otherwise in the conditions of a quasiindependence. Thus, clarifying and harmonising the existing provisions and giving them a kind of "Polish administrative dimension", while in reality the new law was only a component of a wider process, which become noticeable after the end of the Crimean War, and was in truth an attempt to display (ostensibly, and apparently for show mostly) the human face of Moscow's invading and partitioning power. The most striking manifestation of the dummy character of changes made would be the steady maintenance of a strange and unreasonable practice of settling transport quotas, generated from the budget of the Kingdom of Poland, by a commission, whose headquarters were not located in the Kingdom itself, but in the "Polish taken away lands", particularly in the territory directly subdued to Russia, which before the partition was a part of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.