Japanese Military Government Policy on Radio Broadcasting in Java (Kebijakan Pemerintah Militer Jepang terhadap Penyiaran Radio di Jawa)

In World War II


INTRODUCTION
Media under control, perhaps it was an appropriate term when the Japanese 16th Army dominated and controlled all mass media during its occupation of Java (Kurasawa 2015, 255-56).Radio was one of the media that received special attention by the Japanese occupation government because radio during wartime had an important role.In wartime, radio was employed as a disseminator of information related to the chances of victory, propaganda, and played an important role in mobilizing and motivating people (Gagliarducci et al. 2020, 1-2).Due to the importance of radio in wartime, the Japanese government in Java issued regulations to regulate the use of radio in society.Attempts to tightly control the radio to avoid propaganda and broadcasts from Allied countries were heard by the Javanese people.In general, during World War II, radio was used as a medium for disseminating information and propaganda to win the war.The function of radio is extraordinary, this media can be employed anywhere such as at home, public places, to the frontline battlefield (personnel camp) (Potter 2018, 50).This research cannot be separated from a review of previous studies.Where, previous research reviews are very important to be used as a basis for research activities.First, research from Ribeiro, Wagner, & Morriss (2019) entitled "International Radio Broadcasting During World War II."In their research, they explained the function of radio broadcasting in World War II in several European countries such as Germany, British, Poland, Portugal, and Spain.Radio during World War II in Europe was an ideal media to lead and direct society, radio broadcasting was monitored directly by the government of each country.Radio was also intended as a counterattack to prevent propaganda from the opposing side.During the wartime, radio also played an important role in maintaining public morale and informing about the military and war situation (Ribeiro, Wagner, & Morriss 2019, 173-79).
Second, Kurasawa (1987) in her research entitled "Propaganda Media on Java Under the Japanese 1942Japanese -1945." ."In the first year of its occupation of Java, the Japanese military government established the Jawa Hōsō Kanrikyoku (Java Broadcasting Monitoring Bureau).The management of this bureau was entrusted to NHK (Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai), staff manned by NHK members sent from Japan and Indonesians who previously worked for NIROM (Nederlandsch-Indische Radio Omroep Maatschappij).Kurasawa explained that radio played an important role in the propaganda of the Japanese military occupation government and the influence of radio propaganda was extensive (Kurasawa 1987, 88-89).
Third, research from Ningsih (2016) entitled "The Forgotten Medium: Hoso Kanri Kyoku and the Beginning of National Broadcasting in Indonesia."In her research, Ningsih explained that the programs broadcast by Hōsō Kanrikyoku were programs that raised the spirit of patriotism, nationalism, and a sense of pride and confidence in being an Asian nation.Hōsō Kanrikyoku spent much of the time covering speeches by prominent Indonesian leaders.The one most often broadcast on the radio was Sukarno.As a propaganda tool, Hōsō Kanrikyoku managed to create the image of a strong and charismatic political leader, and had a strong impact on his listeners (Ningsih 2016, 38-39).Fourth, research from Puguh & Mufidah (2020) entitled "Sandiwara Daerah of Radio Republik Indonesia Yogyakarta and Surakarta, 1950s-1990s," it was explained that broadcasting policy under the Japanese military government was heavily censored.The direction of radio broadcasting was aimed at achieving Japanese political goals as well as conditioning people's minds during the Greater East Asia War (Puguh & Mufidah 2020, 98).Fifth, data from RRI (Radio of the Republic of Indonesia) Yogyakarta explains that radio offices during the Japanese occupation conducted surveillance and sealed waves of foreign broadcasts.In addition, to strengthen propaganda, the Japanese military government installed radios in public places so that the public could listen to important broadcasts from the Japanese military government (RRI Yogyakarta, n.d.).
The purpose of this study is to examine the policy of the Japanese military government in Java in controlling radio and making radio as a propaganda media to influence the opinions and reactions of Javanese people during the Greater East Asia War.In order to focus the discussion, the research question raised in this study is how did the Japanese military government control radio in Javanese society during the occupation?What was the propaganda content of the Japanese military government to the Javanese society through radio broadcast?

METHOD
The method used in this research is the historical method.The use of the historical method is intended to explore historical facts related to Japanese policy in radio broadcasting in Java.This research used primary sources and secondary sources.Primary sources are the main sources as raw materials in the research process, primary sources used in this research include: Kan Pō (the government news), the Asia Raya newspaper, and Djawa Baroe magazine.Meanwhile, secondary sources used in this study are scientific articles and books written by experts.Either primary or secondary sources obtained from online and offline search.These sources were gathered from university libraries, local libraries, National Library of Indonesia, National Press Monument, and Leiden University Libraries.After these sources were obtained, the second step is to verify the sources to determine the credibility and authenticity.The next step is interpretation, in this step is carried out the analysis and synthesis process.The final step is writing history.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Japanese Military Policy on Radio Control in Java
During the war, Japan was one of the countries that implemented a totalitarian system, in which the state or government was in full control of society and controlled all aspects of the public including monopoly and control over mass media (Conquest 2000, 74;Baehr 2005Baehr , 2344)).According to Hannah Arendt, some of the causes of totalitarian emergence are racism, the consciousness of nations, imperialism and tribal nationalism (Toshio 2018, 64).Indeed, Arendt's statement refers to the birth of totalitarian Germany but those elements were also inherent in wartime Japan.In totalitarian regimes, propaganda plays a very essential role, in which propaganda in totalitarian regimes is basically related to action, it aims to make people do or not to certain things.The focus of the action may be highly visible or hidden.In totalitarian dictatorships, almost all propaganda is ultimately directed at maintaining the power of the party or regime that controls it (Yengil 2016, 20).It should be noted that although Japan in wartime was close to its totalitarian regime and close to Germany and Italy, Japan firmly rejected that Fascism be applied to their national movement.Japan did not imitate Germany or Italy methods, but Japanese nationalism was the original nationalism of the Japanese nation rooted in feudal times.Certainly, it can be understood that Japanese fascism has its own elements or styles (Marcon 2021, 66).During wartime, both in Japan and in its occupied territories, Japan implemented a military dictatorship with totalitarian tendencies (Marcon 2021, 67).
Hegemony over mass media carried out by the state is an attempt to spread discourse and ideology that is considered correct by the ruler.This shows that the media has important power in a government.Because of the importance of mass media, the state have to play a major role in tightly controlling mass media to maintain its power.In this case, the government must control the content that will be broadcast through the mass media (BBC News 2011).Especially in wartime, the national mobilization launched by the state must control most aspects of public life and mass media with strict control and censorship.Nazi, as Japan's European allies, also paid close attention to radio broadcasting in wartime.Radio media by the Nazi was declared a "Führungsmittel" or means of guidance.For the Nazi, Germany recognized the possibility of radio to present the new German policy and simultaneously spread the "Weltanschauung" or worldview to foreign listeners.During that time, the Sonderdienst Seehaus played a central role in the propaganda warfare.The information gathered was an important part of the counterpropaganda strategy developed by Nazi Germany (Ribeiro, Wagner, & Morriss 2019, 173-74).
In Java, Jawa Hōsō Kanrikyoku had a central role in radio broadcasting.This beraue took over NIROM in March 1942 (Erkelens & Heidebrink 2010, 389).NHK became the life of Jawa Hōsō Kanrikyoku.In Japan, the government politicized radio and has long exercised control and censorship over radio programs and broadcasts.Private radio offices were not allowed to exist, only NHK that was sponsored and monopolized by the government was allowed to operate (Kurasawa 2015, 283).NHK was established as a state public utility company controlled by Japan's Ministry of Communications.It began operations in 1926 by uniting radio stations in Tokyo, Ōsaka, and Nagoya.In the early 1930s, NHK became an increasingly militarized Japanese government propaganda network.During the wartime, NHK had monopolized broadcasting (Seidensticker 1990, 67).At the beginning of the occupation in Java, Jawa Hōsō Kanrikyoku broadcast programs in Dutch, English, French, Arabic, and Indonesian.However, at the end of 1942, the Japanese military government changed its policy.The only languages allowed were Japanese and Indonesian, while the use of Dutch was prohibited.It also has an impact on the use of language in radio broadcasts, except English broadcasts were still used to proclaim Japan's victory in the war (Ningsih 2016, 38).Throughout Java, Jawa Hōsō Kanrikyoku transmitting stations were located in several cities, including: Jakarta, Bandung, Banyumas, Semarang, Yogyakarta, Surakarta, Surabaya, and Malang (Masduki 2020, 127).Sendenbu or Department of Propaganda in Java still controlled broadcasts from Jawa Hōsō Kanrikyoku (Kurasawa 2015, 283).The offices of the radio stations were not led by Indonesians, but by the Japanese (Poesponegoro & Notosusanto 2008, 102).
The Japanese military occupation government in Java saw that radio was a vital media, so it issued regulations related to it.Regulation Number 21, 1942, regulated the limitation of radio waves.In this law, the Japanese military government asserted that it would prevent Javanese people from listening to radio broadcasts from abroad, thus the government issued registration rules and restrictions on radio waves.The Japanese military occupation government stated that all people who owned radios were required to register them with their respective local governments, and radios had to be sealed.People whose radios have been registered and sealed as suggested by the Japanese military government, then these people are given license signs.The license signs must be installed in front of the house so that it is easy to monitor from outside the house.In addition, the radio knob holder to limit the wave must not be tampered with.Japan's military government added that for people who want to hand over their radios to others, his license sign was considered invalid, thus the new radio owner must register again (Gunseikanbu 2602b).In Bandung, radio sales and purchases must be reported first at the post office, after that to the Bandung Siyakusyo (Mayor's Office) in radio registration department.For sellers and buyers or persons granted radio rights had to come to the registration office to sign or affix thumbprints in the sales record book.Reporting to Bandung Siyakusyo was also for radios that were temporarily leased or loaned.Meanwhile, radios that were from outside and brought into Bandung-Shi due to sales, exchanges, loans, transfers, and so on, must be reported to the post office and registered to Bandung Siyakusyo.If any sealed radio was damaged, before repairing the radio owner must ask permission from the registry office to unseal it, after which the radio can be repaired.The license to repair the radio was only valid for seven days, after which the radio had been repaired it must be taken back to the registration office to be wave checked and sealed.However, if within seven days the repair of the radio has not been completed, the owner of the radio must come to the office to ask for an extension permit.If the license plate was lost, then the owner of the radio must report to the Police station and ask for a missing certificate.
The letter from the Police was taken to Bandung Siyakusyo to get a new license plate (Gunseikanbu 2602f).
In Semarang, the Japanese military government gave a limit on radio registration.As the general provisions explained above, everyone who owned a radio was required to register his radio at the Semarang-Shi office.In accordance with the regulations of the Japanese military occupation government, citizens who owned radios were required to register their radios until June 20, 1942.However, the Japanese military government knew that there were some citizens who had not registered their radios.The Japanese military government gave an ultimatum to people who had not registered their radios, to take strict action because it was a violation of the laws set by the Japanese military government in Java.The Japanese military government granted final waivers to people who had not registered their radios, so that those who had not registered their radios would be given until July 10, 1942 (Gunseikanbu 2602c).
Meanwhile in Yogyakarta, the Japanese military government had also given a stern warning to the public.In general, the rules that apply in Yogyakarta are the same as in other regions, one of which is that the owner of the radio must have permission from local officials and the radio must also be sealed.All kinds of radio management in Yogyakarta were under the Kooti Zimu Kyoku (Japanese Army Government Office) in radio affairs (Gunseikanbu 2602e).While in Surabaya, the Japanese army conducted a surprise inspection of residents' radios.This effort was made to find out whether the regulations about the radio were observed by the radio owner.The examination was not carried out widely, but only in a limited place.Previously, the Japanese army had also carried out checks and was found broken seals and some radios that had not been sealed.However, the damage to the seal was not intentional but due to hot weather factors so that the seal cracked.As with other regions, if the owner of the radio knows that his seal was broken, they had to report it to the gemeente (municipality) office.The radio check would be carried out at any time by the Japanese army, if it was found that there was a radio that has not been sealed or the seal was deliberately tampered with to listen to overseas broadcasts, then the person concerned would be severely punished by the Japanese military government (Gunseikanbu 2602g).
In Surabaya was also regulated regarding for people who sell, buy, give, and receive radios.
Radio management rules in Surabaya-Shi consist of four stages.First, the seller and buyer must report to the Surabaya-Shi radio registration office to fill out the form.Secondly, after that, the form was taken to the Police station to get permission.Third, after obtaining permission from the Police, the seller and buyer must go to the Center Post Office to issue a permit to hear.Fourth, after getting a hearing permit, return to the Surabaya-Shi radio registration office to get a license card (Gunseikanbu 2603b).This registration rule has been carried out by the Japanese military government in Surabaya since August 1942, at which time 11,700 radios have been registered (Asia Raya 2602g, 3).
In Malang, radios belonging to the British, American, and Dutch people were confiscated.Confiscation was also made of radios belonging to Chinese and Indonesians who were then captives, either as military prisoners or for other reasons, even though the radios were in the hands of their families or elsewhere.The registration letter and radio license must be submitted to the authorities by November 9, 1942.The Japanese military occupation government had provided two places to hand over radios.First, those inside Malang-Shi can be handed over to Malang Shūchō's office.Secondly, those outside Malang-Shi can be handed over to Kenchō's office, Gunchō's office, Sonchō's office, or a nearby police station (Gunseikanbu 2602h).From some of the cases above, it is known that the Japanese military government is very strict in supervising and controlling the use of radio by the public.The strict regulations issued by the Japanese military government in Java related to radio because of the very extensive radio network.The Japanese military government attempted to prevent Javanese people from various kinds of news, information, or propaganda issued by allied countries through radio broadcasting.

Propaganda Content in Radio Broadcasts
The media is an important element for propagandists to spread their propaganda ideas to the public.Radio is a mass media that can attract various interests, so this media is one of the powerful weapons of psychological warfare (Dryer 1942, 3-5).In wartime, radio had three main tasks in broadcasting, namely maintaining normal programming schedules and entertainment standards, providing fast and adequate news, and supporting the war effort by incorporating government appeals and airing moral programs (Dryer 1942, 5).Actually, radio propaganda was carried out by Japan toward the Indonesian had been carried out before the war broke out.In 1941, Japanese radio transmissions expanded to the Southern regions including the Dutch East Indies (Maeda 1967, 111;Sato 2010, xvi).In order to appeal to Indonesian nationalists, Japanese radio broadcast the Indonesian national anthem (Indonesia Raya), at which time the Dutch authorities banned this national anthem (Robbins 1997, 85).
The radio wave monopoly was controlled by the central government as a means for propaganda warfare (Lindsay 1997).According to Kurasawa (2015, 287), there are four important points why radio plays an important role as a propaganda media.First, at that time radio was a fastest media to disseminate various news and government announcements.Second, radio as a medium of political teaching, such as speeches by Japanese nationalist leaders and military officials.Third, radio as a medium of learning to the society, such as language learning and lectures on various topics such as agriculture and industry, ideological teaching, introduction Japan, teaching about Islam, and others.Fourth, radio as a medium to provide anticipation and warning to the public related to Allied air raids.
Sifat-sifat mereka jang soenggoeh mengharoeskan mendjadi poesat poedjian didalam kantor radio itoe (Djawa Baroe 2603).([…] the Indonesian youth must be appreciated, they are struggling to help the Japanese, they work regardless of day and night… doing their duty in front of the microphone.Their character are decent to be respected and praised in that radio station).
Not all people at that time had radios, but in order to support propaganda, the Japanese military government voluntarily installed radios in public places such as squares, markets, and in front of important offices (Asia Raya 2602f, 2).Western Music* (orchestra) 11. 00-11.30Household matters 11. 30-12.30Folk music 12.30-13.00Orchestra 13. 00-13.30News in Japanese and continued with Nippon songs 13. 30-13.50Folk music Time Broadcast Programs 13.50-14.00 Announcement and notes in Indonesian 14. 00-14.30News and daily comments in Indonesian 14. 30-15.00News and daily comments in Sundanese 15.00-16.00Folk music 18.30-19.00Special broadcast for children 19.00-20.00 Nippon songs and news in Japanese 20.00-20.30Nippon language lessons 20.30-21.00Orchestra 21.00-21-10 Announcement and notes in Indonesian 21. 10-21.40News and daily comments in Indonesian 21. 40-22.00News and daily commentary in Javanese 22. 00-22.30On language and literature 22. 30-22.35Announcement and notes in Dutch** 22. 35-22.30News and daily comments in Dutch** 23.00-00.30 Western Music* Source: (Asia Raya 2602e, 7).Note: The radio programs are not patents but the programs can change at any time.
*Western music in radio programs is music from Germany, Italy, and other Axis countries or neutral countries (Erkelens and Heidebrink 2010, 389).**In the first year of occupation, Dutch was still understandably spoken.However, after that the broadcast in Dutch was no longer used.
The Table 1 above shows information and notes, daily commentary, and news are dominating the radio broadcast program.Indeed, this is reasonable because the Japanese military government emphasizes and prioritizes war related news as a propaganda agenda.The schedule of radio programs is routinely reported daily by the Japanese government in Java through the Asia Raya newspaper with a column entitled "Radio." Colonel Yasuto Nakayama, one of the Japanese military officials in Java, made a speech in front of the radio as part of his propaganda.In his speech in front of radio, Colonel Yasuto Nakayama first discussed the Japanese war in China.It was explained that the war between Japan and China was actually a war to liberate the Chungking (Chongqing) government from the oppression of the United States and British.The United States and British are considered evil nations that do not embrace humanity and plunder the wealth of Asian countries for their own prosperity.Japan has controlled many territories such as the Far East (East Asia) regions, islands in the Pacific, Southern regions, and Japan will also advance into India and Australia.The people in the South regions had understood the aims and objectives of the Japanese war, and the people in the South regions participated in helping the Japanese war to form a new world order.Japan's main purpose in the war was to destroy the power of the United States and British, and create a new world in Asia by liberating Asian nations.Colonel Yasuto Nakayama asserted that if the United States and British still occupied Asia, there would certainly be no independence and freedom in Asia.Colonel Nakayama added that building Asia was Japan's responsibility and asked the Asian people to cooperate with Japan (Gunseikanbu 2602d).
A radio speech was also given by Colonel Yasuto Nakayama in welcoming the new year celebrations.The celebration speech was not only a "congratulations," but also contained Japanese propaganda in the Greater East Asia War.In celebration of welcoming the new year, Colonel Yasuto Nakayama emphasized that the people of Greater East Asia were still continuing to fight against the Allied powers, so strong unity was needed to achieve victory.He also emphasized that the Greater East Asia War was not only for the Japanese interest, but also for the interests and honor of the entire Greater East Asian nation.Colonel Yasuto Nakayama confidently said that if Japan did not win the battle against Western countries, then the Greater East Asian nation would remain slaves.The United States and British intended to strike back, but Japanese forces did not back down and would continue to face the attack.The whole community was urged never to give the enemy a chance to attack.Preparation was very important to ward off enemy attacks, the preparation referred to here was the obligation of the public to assist Japanese troops in the war on the backline.People are encouraged to fulfill their respective obligations to achieve victory in the Greater East Asia War.The United States and British were considered by Colonel Yasuto Nakayama to be running a "war of nerves" by making false propaganda to mislead Asians, therefore Javanese people were urged not to believe and beware of Western propaganda.Concluding his radio speech, Colonel Yasuto Nakayama vowed to press forward to achieve victory in the Greater East Asia War and build New Java or Djawa Baroe (Gunseikanbu 2603a).
On another day of celebration, namely Kigensetsu day, Naimubutyoo (Internal Affairs Agency or Ministry of Home Affairs) also gave a radio speech to the Javanese people.In his speech, it was explained that the Indonesian people and Japanese worked together to achieve one goal as one group in the Greater Asian sphere.At the beginning of his speech, Naimubutyoo briefly explained the history of the establishment of the Japanese empire, where at the beginning of the establishment of the empire, Japan was led by Emperor Jimmu, and also explained that the Japanese empire was 2603 years old.After that, Naimubutyoo returned to the main topic, namely the Great East Asian War.The United States and British were considered arrogant countries and had no chance of winning in the war against Japan.The counterattack attempts by the United States and British were considered futile, and having been pressed into the war, the United States and British propagated by accusing Japan of being an aggressive nation.Japan aspires for all nations to live in friendship and build a peaceful world, by living to help each other as one household.The ideas described by Naimubutyoo have been initiated by Emperor Jimmu or commonly known as Hakkō Ichiū.The Japanese military entered the war because the Japanese empire wanted to liberate Asia from the oppression of the United States and British, and wanted to create happiness and security for the Asian people.If Japan did not take war action, then there would be no chance for the Asian nation to establish its homeland.To get the sympathy of the Javanese people, Naimubutyoo said the fate of Japan would determine the fate of Java and all Indonesian nation.Therefore, Naimubutyoo appealed to all Javanese people to help the Japanese military government (Gunseikanbu 2603c).
On the one year anniversary of the Japanese occupation of Java, Japanese military leaders in Java gave a radio speech to the public.The Japanese military officer gave a brief flashback of the success of the Japanese Army in defeating Dutch, American, and British forces in Java within 9 days, from March 1 to 9, 1942.He positioned the Japanese military as the liberator of Indonesian society from Dutch colonialism that lasted for more than 300 years.The Japanese military government claimed to have succeeded in establishing Java within one year of its occupation.The Japanese military government in Java conveyed a message to all radio listeners, […] Balatentara, Pemerintah dan Rakjat seia dan sekata bekerdja bersama-sama.Teroetama karena pendoedoek asli dengan hati ichlas menaroeh kepertjajaan kepada Balatentara Dai Nippon dan karena semangatnja bergelora oentoek bekerdja bersama-sama, maka pembangoenan Djawa Baroe, goedang kekajaan di Asia Timur Raja, makin hari makin bertambah madjoe dan bertambah pesat.
([…] Army, Government, and People agree to work together.The native inhabitants are heartfelt to believe in the Japanese Army and they are impassioned to work together, thus the establishment of New Java, the center of wealth in the Greater East Asia, increasingly advanced and developing).
The Japanese military government appealed to the population to cooperate more vigorously in order to win the war.The Greater East Asia War was affirmed by the Japanese government as a holy war and a great work to be completed (Asia Raya 2603).
In addition, the Japanese military government also functioned radio as a medium for public education.This education was also part of government programs as an effort to defend the community in wartime.One of the public education broadcast on the radio was the anticipation of air attacks.This air raid guard exercise was an effort to guard against possible attacks from Allied aircraft.In this exercise, the public was required to understand all kinds of air danger signs and must also understand what to do afterwards.There were four kinds of danger signs that must be understood by the public: 1. Keikai Keihoo is a danger sign to declare that everyone is prepared just in case, this danger sign is sounded if there are signs of an enemy coming.Keikai Keihoo has a long sound of 30 seconds. 2. Keikai Keihoo Kaizyoo is a safe sign, where the situation just in case has been completed.This sign will be sounded if the incoming enemy is no longer there.The sound is 20 seconds long.3. Kusyuu Keihoo is a danger sign that the enemy is on an attack, where the enemy will soon come.Sounds for 20 seconds.4. Kusyuu Keihoo Kaizyoo is a safe sign that the enemy has finished attacking.This sign will be sounded if the enemy aircraft has fled or has been shot down.Sounds for 30 seconds.Lighting was strictly restricted and even prohibited when the danger sign was sounded, the Japanese military government appealed to all people to remind each other to turn off the house lights, and if the public saw enemy aircraft, must report it to the nearest military officer (Gunseikanbu 2602a).
In addition to speeches and education, Japanese propaganda through radio was also included in news programs.One of the news broadcast in radio programs in Java is foreign news.These news also contained propaganda that discredited the Allied countries.These news were compiled by Dōmei, a national news agency under the control of Japan's central government tasked with gathering news and information around the world.The headquarters of the Dōmei news agency was in Tokyo and its network was throughout Asia.In Java, these news agencies were located in Jakarta, Bandung, Semarang and Surabaya (Akami 2015, 9).The Dōmei news agency was also responsible for supplying news to Japanese-occupied territories (Mendelssohn 1944, 69-70).A news from abroad aired on Jakarta radio reported that Mahatma Gandhi urged British and the United States to leave Asia.Gandhi did not like the politics run by British and the United States, namely the scorched-earth politics, because Gandhi did not agree if India was involved in war.Gandhi forced the British government to withdraw all British from his overseas lands in Asia, and Indian rule was run by natives (Asia Raya 2602a, 1).In other news, people of Karachi, India hate the British.Indians often protested against British rule.The existence of these demonstrations made vital places such as train stations heavily guarded by British armed forces (Asia Raya 2602b, 1).Other radio news about the United States, it is rumored that Franklin D. Roosevelt, President of the United States, in this war, the United States does not have great hopes (Asia Raya 2602d, 1).Other radio news related to the United States in the war is that four US ships have been sunk in the Atlantic Ocean (Asia Raya 2602c, 1).

Table 1 .
One of the Radio Program Schedule in Java at the Beginning of Occupation