POVERTY IN COMMUNITY SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVE

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INTRODUCTION
Religion in the study of sociology is included in the study section that gets a lot of attention from various sociologists because it is considered very interesting. Starting from beliefs, symbols and practices based on sacred ideas, namely 12 religions that are able to realize good and orderly patterns in social life and create a socio-religious community whose behavior is influenced by these beliefs. 1 .
In society, religion is usually one of the important institutional structures that complete the entire social system, but the issue of religion is certainly very different from the political and legal issues relating to the control of power, politics and law relating to the control of power, in contrast to economic institutions related to the control of power. with cooperation in producing money and goods, and in contrast to family institutions that regulate and pattern relationships between sexes, between generations, and other relationships within a family. 2 105 on efforts to distribute social assistance to the poor, so that such prevention programs are not well targeted. Poverty alleviation must be to those who are entitled, meaning that the state must try its best to fulfill the basic rights of its people. Includes the right to education, health, housing, decent work and so on. The large number of poor people will have the potential to create new social problems, namely the decline in the quality of human resources, the emergence of inequality and social jealousy, disruption of social and political stability and increasing crime rates. In the end, these conditions greatly hampered the development of the national economy and made it difficult for Indonesia to get out of lagging. Initially the general opinion when people talk about poverty is often what is meant is material poverty. With this understanding, a person is categorized as poor if he is unable to meet the minimum standard of basic needs for a decent life or to meet basic consumption needs. Poverty like this is often called consumption poverty. Of course, the definition of poverty which is only seen from the point of view of meeting consumption needs alone is not sufficient even though this definition is useful and will continue to be used to measure progress in the level of welfare. Along with the increasing development of knowledge about poverty, supported by a number of realities and their determinants, in the 1990s the notion of poverty experienced a shift. The definition of poverty has been broadened not only by income level, but also related to disability in the areas of health, education and housing. Thus, in this sense, it has been recognized that there is an interaction and causal relationship between the various dimensions of poverty. Even at the end of the 20th century, a new definition of poverty emerged, namely that poverty also covers the issue of vulnerability, powerlessness, and the inability to express aspirations. Poverty has now become a development problem that has been the subject of much discussion. Poverty can be easily identified and characterized by conditions of backwardness, powerlessness, and inability from an economic point of view, as well as the large number of unemployed people, which in turn triggers income inequality and gaps between population groups. Poverty can be defined as a condition of living with a very low standard of living.
Poverty is also one of the most serious problems in the national development process in Indonesia. it seems that this problem cannot be solved seriously even though the government's efforts have introduced various packages and programs that involve a number of experts on poverty. In essence, there is no sustainability, poverty management system either in one regime of power or during regime transition. 8 Based on the explanation that has been presented, the problem of poverty in Indonesia is still being carried out until now, both through the policies of the central government and local governments. However, the decline in the poor population is not too significant and is still relatively large. The government has struggled continuously to reduce the poor in its area with various strategies, both through fiscal policy and by involving the poor themselves. One of the strategies taken is to make the poor as subjects not as objects so that the poor can feel the direct benefits of the development carried out. The goal for the welfare of the nation's life seems to be just a discourse. The more widespread planning and development activities have not been able to 106 overcome poverty in Indonesia, so to find alternative future policy solutions in an effort to accelerate poverty alleviation requires thinking from various cross-disciplinary social sciences.

LITERATURE REVIEW
As we know, there are a lot of scientific works from various researchers that explain about poor countries both in terms of sociology and economics. Among the scientific works that discuss the phenomenon of poverty, among others: Yacoub conducted a study entitled "The Influence of Unemployment Rates on District/City Poverty Levels in West Kalimantan Province". Using the variable unemployment rate and poverty rate with regression analysis techniques. The results obtained include, among others, the unemployment rate has a significant effect on the poverty level of districts or cities in West Kalimantan Province. Empirical data show that the pattern of the relationship is not always unidirectional between the unemployment rate and the poverty rate. In the very poor family group, the unemployment rate is low because most family members work to survive, sometimes children are also involved in work on the grounds that the income of the head of the family or parents cannot meet the needs of the family, especially in farming families with education. low (of the total working force, 61.07% of them have elementary school education and below, so the income received is low). 9 Hermanto Siregar and Dwi Wahyuniarti, in a study entitled "The Impact of Economic Growth on the Decline of the Number of Poor Populations" used multiple regression analysis, with variables: GRDP, population, HDI, agricultural sector, industrial sector. Inflation, and education. The results of this study are the variable economic growth has a negative and significant effect on the number of poor people although the effect is small 10 .
Sukmaraga's research analyzes the influence of the human development index variable. GRDP per capita, and the number of unemployed on the number of poor people in Central Java Province in 2008. The results of this study indicate that the variable human development index (HDI) has a negative and significant effect on the number of poor people in Central Java, GRDP per capita has a negative and significant effect on the number of poor people in Central Java. number of poor people. And the number of unemployed has a positive and significant effect on the number of poor people in Central Java Province. 11 Prasetyo with the title "Factors Affecting Poverty Levels (Case Study in 35 District Cities in Central Java 2003-2007)" using a panel data regression analysis tool concluded that the poverty rate in Central Java is influenced by economic growth, minimum wages, and education have a negative effect on the number of poor people, while the unemployment variable has a positive effect on the number of poor people.

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Sitepu with the title "The Impact of Human Resource Investment on Economic Growth and Poverty in Indonesia: Compotable General Equilibrium Model Approach" the result of this study is that human resource investment has a direct impact on increasing economic growth. Health investment and education investment can both reduce poverty levels, but health investment has the largest percentage. 13 Wongdesmiwati with the title "Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction in Indonesia", using multiple regression analysis method, using the variables of population, economic growth, and education. The results of this study are the population has a positive and significant effect on the addition of the number of poor people, the variable economic growth and the literacy rate variable has a negative and significant effect on the number of poor people. 14

Poverty Criteria and Measures
Poverty has now become a multidimensional development problem. Poverty can be easily identified and characterized by conditions of backwardness, powerlessness, and inability from an economic perspective, as well as the large number of unemployed people, which triggers income inequality and disparities between population groups. 15 Poverty can be defined as a condition of living with a very low standard of living. Poverty can also be defined as a condition in which a person cannot fulfill basic human life, especially food and clothing. 16 Some commonly known concepts of poverty are absolute poverty and relative poverty. Absolute poverty can be classified into two parts, namely: 17 a) Poverty to meet basic needs; and b) Poverty to meet higher needs.
Absolute poverty and relative poverty are concepts of poverty that refer to material possessions associated with the standard of living of a person or family. Both terms refer to the social differences that exist in society departing from the distribution of income. The difference is that in absolute poverty the size has been determined in advance with real numbers (poverty line) and/or indicators or criteria used, while in relative poverty the poverty category is determined based on a comparison of the relative level of welfare among residents. Absolute poverty, relative poverty and poverty Subjective is a concept of measuring poverty which is done statically. Meanwhile, subjective poverty is measured based on the perception of the population or the household itself. The advantage of this subjective poverty approach is that poverty measurement can be carried out easily so that results can be presented faster, more frequently and more regularly. 18

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The measures of poverty that are designed are not adequate in operational poverty alleviation efforts, the strategy of rapid economic growth that is not accompanied by equity is a mistake made in developing countries including Indonesia. In carrying out this strategy, foreign loans have played a major role as a source of financing. In fact, there is often a mismatch between the development package and the real needs of the community. Fiscal and monetary policies are also not pro-poor, management of natural resources is not careful and irresponsible, development planning is top-down, implementation of project-oriented programs, misleading industrialization, liberalization of the economy too early without adequate preparation to protect the possibility of marginalization of groups poor in society.

METHOD
The method used in this study is descriptive analysis method, which describes a problem of community poverty based on secondary data sources from literature materials that are relevant to the title of the article and references. This journal uses a literature review, which is a literature review that supports a particular problem that is being studied in depth. Literature study is an activity to explore, examine, and identify knowledge based on the results of previous research or studies. Literature study is an effort made by researchers to obtain and collect all written information that is relevant to the problem being studied. Therefore, the data in this paper uses relevant sources where the author collects various literatures related to the phenomenon of poverty and sociological perspectives in viewing poverty.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Sociology comes from the Latin socius which means friend, friend. While logos means science (https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology). This statement was published and expressed for the first time in his work in the form of a book entitled "Cours de Philosophie Positive" by August Comte (1798-1857). Although there are many definitions of sociology, sociology is generally known as the science of society. Sociology reviews the subject of society including social phenomena, social structure, social change and the network of relationships or human interactions as individual beings and social beings. Sociology should not be merely a pure science that only develops science in the abstract for the sake of improving the quality of science itself, but sociology can be said to be an applied science that presents various ways to use scientific knowledge to solve practical problems or social problems that need to be addressed. 19 Currently, there are many official definitions of sociology from various experts, namely: 20 1. Pitirim Sorokin: Sociology is a science that studies the relationship and mutual influence between various kinds of social phenomena (eg economic phenomena, family phenomena, and moral phenomena), sociology is a science that studies the relationship and mutual 109 influence between social phenomena and non-social phenomena, and the last Sociology is the study of the general characteristics of all kinds of other social phenomena. 2. Roucek and Warren: Sociology is the study of the relationship between humans in groups. 3. William F. Ogburn and Mayer F. Nimkopf: Sociology is a scientific study of social interactions and their results, namely social organization. 4. J.A.A Von Dorn and C.J. Lammers: Sociology is the science of stable social structures and processes. 5. Max Weber: Sociology is a science that seeks to understand social actions. 6. Allan Jhonson: Sociology is the study of life and behavior, especially in relation to a social system and how the system affects people and how the people involved in it affect the system. From the various definitions of sociology above, it can be concluded that Sociology is a science that discusses what is currently happening, especially the patterns of relationships in society and seeks to find general, rational, empirical and general understandings.
Social phenomena such as poverty are one of the main concerns of researchers or academics from the discipline of economic sociology. 21 The rationale is that the development of a country is not only seen in terms of economic growth, but must also be seen in terms of equitable development itself as a measure of the success of a country's development. Inequality in a national development is not only limited to the problem of poverty. However, the poor appear as a result of changes in the economic structure to a modern that is not balanced. If a development ignores economic equality, the impacts arising from such development are problems of poverty and social inequality. 22 In social life, poverty is something that is very feared because the impact of poverty can undermine and destroy family life expectancy. In short, no one aspires to be poor. Islam as a religion gives the view that poverty is a way to kufr and sociologically poverty can trigger social deviations such as theft, robbery, murder, and other criminal acts. 23 Related to the increasing poverty line in people's social life, there are many studies that pay attention to the factors of poverty, ranging from early marriage to the relationship between religious attitudes and poverty. 24 This article attempts to provide an overview of the picture and what things happen to poverty from a sociological perspective, especially from a sociological perspective of religion.
As we know, in Islam the principle of justice embodied in fair economic equity is emphasized by Ibn Hazm, as quoted from Amien Rais (1996) in his book on "Social Tawhid", in the book he says that if in society there is a group of people who are rich and a group of the poor, then it becomes an obligation for the rich to carry out socio-economic equity by giving the poor the rights. This is a form of Islamic religious response to poverty. Islam teaches its people to care 110 for the poor, Islam also teaches to help each other to those who are more in need, mutual cooperation with one another in dealing with life's problems. In the Qur'an there are various suggestions to work as a step in overcoming poverty. Where God created the earth and the sky and all of its contents with various kinds of facilities given to humans to be managed properly so that humans do not live in suffering. As He said, "And there is not a creeping animal on the earth except that Allah is the one who provides for it, and He knows the place of the animal's dwelling and the place of its storage. Everything is written in a real book." (QS. Hud: 6). 25 Then the response of Islam to poverty is seen in how Islamic organizations such as Muhammadiyah, NU, and NW establish various institutions related to poverty in an effort to overcome various poverty problems, such as the establishment of amil zakat, infaq, and alms institutions. This is a proof of how Islam does not want to see its people live in a poor and miserable condition and tries to reduce the poverty rate even though to this day it has not been completely eliminated. 26 The impact of poverty on human life is like many cases such as: it can create criminal acts, hunger, theft, robbery, murder, and others. Therefore, Islam needs to respond carefully to the forms of poverty that occur in Indonesia, because Islam is a guide in the lives of Muslims in all aspects of their lives.
The problem of poverty is multidimensional so that the poverty rate can only be reduced optimally if all parties, including the poor themselves, are involved in the development process and utilize the results of development. The description of poverty from a social science perspective is: 27 1. Dimensions of poverty based on the perspective of economics: From an economic point of view, poverty is a form of inability of the income of a person or group of people to meet basic needs or basic needs. The economic dimension of poverty is defined as a lack of resources that can be used or utilized to improve a person's level of welfare both financially and other types of wealth that can be used to improve people's welfare. Poverty has two aspects, namely the income aspect and the consumption or expenditure aspect. 28 2. The dimension of poverty based on the perspective of political science: Poverty and economic inequality will threaten democratic values adopted by all countries in the world. Poverty is a big problem in developing countries, this is because if poverty is allowed to get worse it will have serious political and social consequences so that the government can fall because of the tantrums of the poor who can no longer endure poverty. 29 3. Dimensions of poverty based on the perspective of historical science: Poverty has existed since thousands of years ago, several historical records were recorded not only about wars of kings, queens and soldiers but also about poverty. Indirectly this is known by the suggestion

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to do good to people who are less fortunate or poor. Thus poverty is not a new thing for homo sapiens or humans, because poverty has been described and existed for thousands of years. 30 4. Dimensions of poverty based on the perspective of sociology: It is a condition that occurs in a person who is unable to maintain himself in accordance with the standard of living in social groups, besides that poverty is considered unable to utilize his mental or physical energy in association in the midst of wider community groups. This condition becomes one of the social problems in human life, namely problems and problems will be vulnerable to occur. For people who have a high economy will get a good status or position, while for people who have a bad or poor economy will get a low social status. 31 5. Poverty from the perspective of geography: When examining the problem of poverty from a geographical point of view, there are several things that need to be known. For example, where is the location of poverty, whether in urban or rural areas, whether in industrial, mining or agricultural areas and whether it occurs in developing or developed countries. and also how the pattern of distribution is whether it is spread throughout the region or only in certain areas.
As well as the relation or linkage between the problem of poverty and the natural and social aspects of the region. Such as the availability of natural resources, the quality of the population, for example the level of education or mastery of science and technology, the level of health as well as infrastructure and transportation facilities that connect with other surrounding areas. 32 From the description above, it is necessary to understand that poverty is a multiphase, multidimensional and integrated phenomenon. Living poor is not only defined as living in conditions of lack of clothing, food and shelter, but living in poverty can also be interpreted as low opportunities for various kinds of resources and productive assets that are needed to be able to obtain the means to fulfill the most basic needs of life such as information, transportation, education, health, technology, and economy.

Causes of Poverty
Poverty that occurs in various developing countries is caused by various human needs, the existence of unequal patterns of resource ownership, causing an unequal income distribution, this can be seen from the majority of the poor people only have a limited number of natural resources. In addition, the level of education can also affect the quality of human resources. A low level of education can certainly result in an inability to develop self-potential and narrow opportunities for self-employment so that it affects the high level of unemployment. Therefore, the high unemployment rate in a country will be the impact of the soaring poverty rate. 33

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Poverty is caused by the occurrence of inequality and inequality by the capitalists who have succeeded in prioritizing economic values compared to other values. Like their political values, they are free to employ workers arbitrarily. From the various gaps that exist in social life, the poor are getting poorer and those at the top levels are becoming more prosperous. 34 Development policy makers always try to ensure that the allocation of resources can be enjoyed by some members of the community. However, due to the various characteristics and conditions of society and coupled with the level of economic progress of the country which is still interrelated, it is sometimes still weak, therefore national policies are more directed to solving short-term problems. So that the policies of the government have not succeeded in solving the problems of economic groups from the lower levels. In addition, domestic policies are often inseparable from foreign conditions which can indirectly influence government policies, such as in terms of development funding.

Strategy in Poverty Reduction
The people-centred development approach is very significant as a decentralization policy paradigm in handling social problems, including the problem of poverty. This approach recognizes the importance of community capacity to increase independence and internal strength through the ability to exercise internal control over material and non-material resources. 35 Korten explained that there are three basics for making structural and normative changes in people-centred development, namely: 36 1. To focus government policy thinking and action on creating conditions that encourage and support people's efforts to meet their own needs, and to solve their own problems at the individual, family, and community levels. 2. Develop structures and processes of organizations that function according to organizational system rules. 3. Develop production-consumption systems that are organized territorially based on local ownership and control principles. However, the development model that has a focus on the people prioritizes empowerment. This model views the people's initiative and creativity as the most important development resources and views the people's spiritual material welfare as a form of goals that must be achieved by various development processes. Strategic analysis of community empowerment, whether economic, social, cultural or political, becomes important as input for people-centred development reformulation. This reformulation provides a huge opportunity for the community to develop in a participatory manner. In participatory development, empowerment is one strategy that is considered appropriate if the determinant factors are conditioned in such a way that the essence of empowerment is not distorted.

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This condition reflects the need for an urgent shift in the government's role from the role as a social service provider to a facilitator, mediator, coordinator, educator, mobilizer, support system, and other roles that are more directed towards indirect services. The role of local organizations, social organizations, NGOs and other community groups is more encouraged as implementing agents of change and implementing social services to vulnerable groups or society in general. In such a position, social problems are handled by the community with government facilitation.
Regarding empowerment strategies, Mark G. Hanna and Buddy Robinson stated that there are three main empowerment strategies in the practice of social change, namely traditional, direct action and transformation. 37 1. Traditional strategy, suggests knowing and choosing best interests freely in various circumstances, 2. Direct-action strategy, requires the dominance of interests that are respected by all parties involved, in terms of changes that may occur, and 3. Transformative strategy, showing that mass education in the long term is needed before identifying self-interest. Each strategy consists of theories, concepts, and skills that are closely attached to each strategy which are then explained in detail into eight specific theories, ten concepts, and twelve skills. All the signs in the matrix provide sufficient information to ensure a harmonious relationship with one another. The use of the matrix will provide clarification of the important parts of the practice of social change for the people involved. In the early stages, practitioners will do well through familiarizing themselves with the three basic components of theory, concepts, and skills as well as trying to understand the three categories. Based on this, a comparison of the three different methods of social change can be made.
The community development process should be assumed on the following principles: 38 1. The direction of community growth always rests on increasing participation in social structures. 2. The occurrence of various conditions of dissatisfaction felt by citizens today must be used as a starting point for community development programs. 3. Dissatisfaction felt and experienced by community members must be channeled into planning and joint problem solving actions. 4. The implementation of community development programs must include leaders identified and accepted by the various major social groups in society. 5. Organizations implementing community development programs must develop effectiveefficient communication channels within the various main social groups of the community, as well as strengthen the ability of these groups to cooperate with each other in carrying out 37  114 flexible-flexible work procedures, without damaging the pattern of decision making on a regular basis. 6. Determination of community development programs must rely on joint decisions of the community members themselves, taking into account the speed of the community's steps and fully involving community members in the development planning process.
Why is community development considered very important, the considerations are as follows: 39 1. A healthy society is a product of an active society. 2. The planning process that comes from and is desired by the community is better than the planning that comes from the authorities. 3. The process of participation in community development is the prevention of various ignorant attitudes of individuals in society. 4. A strong empowerment process in community efforts is the basis of strength for the community.
Relevance to poverty reduction efforts, it is recognized that nationally it has been implemented through social safety net programs and compensation programs combined with the Poverty Alleviation Program. In principle, the JPS program aims to help the poor from becoming poorer and worse off, and to live a decent life. As a social innovation, the JPS was implemented in the early 1880s when the governments of Otto von Bismark in Germany and David Loyd George in England instituted a system of social protection and security. Henceforth, this program was followed by the United States which was launched in 1935, Eastern Europe which was launched in the 1980s. The JPS entry into Indonesia is included in the structural adjustment strategy program package or the Structure Adjustment Program offered by international institutions such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank along with the loans to be disbursed.
Meanwhile, the Compensation Program is short-term and aims to help people who are directly affected by the policy of economic structural adjustment. This concurrent policy also creates excesses for workers affected by layoffs. The poverty alleviation program is a long-term development intervention program that is carried out continuously by the government and the community.
Another effort to tackle the problem of poverty is the active participation of the entire community through a massive movement. This movement is carried out to eliminate the impression that poverty reduction efforts are "only" the responsibility of the government. The active participation of the community also shows that they have deep empathy which is built on the principles of compassion, care and compassion. The government's concern for poverty reduction can be seen through the Integrated Poverty Reduction Movement (Gerdu Taskin) program launched by the government since 1998. Gerdu Taskin is an integrated and comprehensive poverty alleviation effort carried out by the government, the private sector, nongovernmental organizations, and community organizations, the wider community, as well as the