Amphibian Diversity in the Waterfall of Lubuklinggau City, South Sumatra

Article Info ABSTRACT Key word: Amphibian Diversity Waterfall Temam and Sando Waterfalls are suitable habitats for amphibian life, the presence of tourist visits and additional facilities can cause disturbance to amphibians. However, amphibian data at the two locations have not been recorded. This study aims to determine diversity amphibians in the Temam and Sando Waterfall, Lubuklinggau City. The study was conducted from June to July 2020. The collection data used Visual Encounter Survey (VES) techniques and time search. The data were analyzed using relative abundance, and indexes of diversity, evenness, similarity, and dominance. 11 species of amphibians belonging to 5 families were found during the study. Odorrana hosii was found mostly during the study. Amphibian diversity in the waterfall of Temam and Sando Waterfall was categorized as low. Article history: Received: 19/08/2020 Revised: 22/10/2020 Accepted: 24/10/2020


Introduction
Sumatra Island is one of the hotspots of Sundanese biodiversity exposure which has a level of biodiversity with endemicity (Setiawan et al., 2016). One area that has the potential to support the life of amphibians is Lubuklinggau city. Lubuklinggau City has quite a lot of habitat variations for amphibians because it still has areas in the form of secondary forests, rivers, rice fields, and waterfalls.
Teman and Sando Waterfall are waterfalls located in Lubuklinggau City. The two waterfalls are tourist destinations for people outside and around Lubuklinggau City. The Lubuklinggau City Government has built public facilities at Temam Waterfall to provide comfort for visitors who come.
Meanwhile, Sando Waterfall is still natural, but it is well known and is starting to get crowded. The high intensity of visits to the two waterfalls can indirectly threaten the presence of amphibians. As we know, amphibians are very sensitive to changes in environmental quality, for example, water pollution, habitat loss, and climate change (Setiawan et al., 2019). While the existence of amphibians is very important for the ecosystem, this is because Amphibians play an important role in the food chain. Most amphibians are predators that feed on various types of insects or insect larvae. Frogs living in rice fields, for example, are known to eat various types of insects that are pests to agriculture (Irwanto et al., 2019).
Another role of amphibians in the ecosystem is to maintain the balance of nature and certain types can be used as bioindicators of environmental damage (Yani et al., 2015).
Amphibian research in Lubuklinggau City is developing well, such as research conducted by  in the area around community settlements,  in Bukit Sulap and Watervang Dam. However, research on amphibians in Temam and Sando waterfall had been conducted previously, so the research was done to determine the diversity of amphibians in Temam and Sando Waterfalls, Lubuklinggau City.

Materials and Methods
The research was conducted in two locations, namely Temam Waterfall and Sando Waterfall, Lubuklinggau City, South Sumatra. The study was conducted from June-July 2020.
The collection sample used Visual Encounter Survey (VES) techniques at 07.00-10.00 PM West Indonesian Time, the study was limited to 3 hours due to team safety factors (Qurniawan et al., 2010;Yudha et al., 2015). The tools used are stationery, gloves, head flashlights, dikes, plastic bags, cameras, thermometers, hygrometers, and identification books for amphibians. Each species collected was stored in a plastic bag and given a label. The types and numbers of amphibians were obtained. If you find a sample that is difficult to identify, it will be taken to the Biology Education laboratory to be identified. Identification is carried out through morphological and meristic characters (Cahyadi & Arifin, 2019;Qurniawan & Eprilurahman, 2012). Amphibian identification was guided by Kamsi, et al. 2017, Kusrini, 2013. After the identification is complete, the sample will be returned to the research location .
The collected data were analyzed for ecological indexes including species abundance, diversity levels using the Shannon-Wiener Index, evenness using the Pielou Index, and species similarity using the Jaccard Index (Ariza et al., 2014;Jusmaldi et al., 2019;. Analysis and calculations were carried out with the help of Microsoft Excel 2016.

Results and Discussion Amphibian composition
Eleven species of amphibians belonging to 5 families were found during the study (Table 1). 8 Species were found in Temam Waterfall and 6 species were found in Sando Waterfall (Table 1). The results of this study are relatively more when compared to the results of amphibian research, at tourist sites in Lubuklinggau (Sulap Hill and Watervang Dam) , several waterfalls in Kediri (Utami et al., 2016).
The low results of this study, when compared to the results of research by Jusmaldi, et al (2019), due to differences in altitude, where the altitude is 129 meters above sea level, with an area of 21,000 m 2 and a total of 72 hours of search time. While researching Jusmaldi et al (2019) study site, reaching heights of 200 meters above sea level, with an area of research 300,000 m 2 and a total time of 180 hours. Research by Das et al (2007) which was conducted at an altitude of 800 masl with a total time of 1930-2000 hours obtained 55 species of amphibians. The variation in the number of species found is influenced by differences in environmental factors, vegetation, microhabitat, altitude, and geographic area (Jusmaldi et al., 2019;. In addition, it is also caused by differences in efforts to search for amphibians, the length of time searching and the area of land (Kusrini, 2008;Setiawan et al., 2016). The highest number of species was found in the Ranidae family with 4 species and followed by the Digroclossidae family with 3 species, while the Bufonidae and Megophryidae families were 2 species, and the Rhacophoridae family 1 species (Table  1). The most abundant individuals were Odorrana hosii (41.32%, Figure 1) and Phrynoidis aspera (14.05%, Figure 1). The number of O. hosii found is the same as the research of Qurniawan & Trijoko (2012), Sanhayani et al., (2019), and Utami et al., (2016). The abundance of O. hosii and P. aspera is due to these 2 species that can be found in river flows (Kamsi et al, 2017).
O. hosii is a species of the family Ranidae (Kamsi et al, 2017). O. hosii is found in the Temam Waterfall area because there is a rocky and swift river. This is following with the characteristics of O. hosii which can be found in clear and swift rocky rivers, in hills of primary forest, and old secondary forest (van Djik et al., 2004;Kamsi et al., 2017). The genus Odorrana currently has 59 recognized species, inhabiting mountain streams in subtropical and tropical Asia, during the 2015-2020 period, 3 new species were founded (Frost, 2020). P. aspera is a species of the Bufonidae family (Kamsi et al, 2017). P. aspera is found in Temam in the Waterfall area because this species can be found around waterfalls or rivers (Kamsi et al, 2017). The distribution of P. Aspera is Sumatra, Kalimantan, Java, Malaysia, Myanmar and Thailand (IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group, 2014b). Another Bufonidae family we found was Duttaphrynus melanostictus (5.79%, Figure 1). This species cannot be found in primary forest, but can be found in residential or plantation areas ( Kamsi et al., 2017;Moore et al., 2015). The presence of this species of Temam Waterfall Area and Sando Waterfall shows that there are settlements not far from the area.
We found Fejervarya cancrivora (5.79%, Figure 1) and Fejervarya limnocharis (13.22% Figure 1). Both species belong to the Digroclosside family, which are usually found in rice fields, and are rarely found along rivers (Kamsi et al., 2017). These species are found because there are rice fields around the location, so that during the dry season these species look for water to moisturize the body.
Two species very few were found, namely Polypedates leucomystax (0.83%) in the Temam Waterfall area and Megophrys nasuta (0.83%, Figure 1) found in the Sando Waterfall area. The findings of P. leucomystax are relatively the same as those of Jusmaldi et al (2019), and less when compared to research Triesita et al., (2016) which found 8 specimens. The number of P. leucomystax that was found during the study was of considerable concern because in the research location there were still many trees that became the habitat for P. leucomystax. Whereas P. leucomystax can be found in plants in secondary forests (Kamsi et al., 2017).
M. nasuta is a species of the Megophryidae family. M. nasuta can be found in secondary forest litter, primary forest and sometimes on garden borders (Kamsi et al., 2017). The distribution of M. nasuta is Borneo, Sumatra, Malaysia and Thailand (IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group, 2014a). Another Megophrys genus that was not found at the time of the study, but was in Sumatra, namely Megophrys paralella (Kamsi et al., 2017).

Figure 1. Amphibia composition
We did not find a Gymnophiona order like the results of research at the Watervang Dam, Lubuklinggau which found Ichthyophis sp . This is because the Gymnophiona order is difficult to find because of its habit of living in burrows (fossorial) and only comes out of the ground when heavy rains occur (Jusmaldi et al., 2019). The genus Ichthyophis has 50 species spread across Southern Asia to the western part of the Indo-Australian Archipelago; Philippines (Frost, 2020). Overall, the diversity index is categorized as low, the evenness index is 0.78 in the high category and the population is stable, and the dominance is 0.22 in the low category ( Table 2). The Temam Waterfall area has a low diversity index (H': 1.40) and an evenness index categorized as medium and unstable population (E: 0.67). Meanwhile, in the Sando Waterfall area, the diversity index is low (H': 1.69) and the evenness index is high and the population is stable (E: 0.95). This result is more different than the results of the research at Berambai Waterfall, Samarinda, where diversity is moderate and the population is stable (Jusmaldi et al., 2019) and the results of research in the waterfall area, Kediri where diversity is moderate and population is stable (Utami et al., 2016). Amphibian diversity is influenced by air humidity, area and habitat variation in an area (shrubs, litter, canopy cover, and stagnant water) (Dharma & Meitiyani, 2019;Jusmaldi et al., 2019;. Domination at Temam Waterfall (0.35) and Sando Waterfall 0.19. The dominance value ranges from 0-1. If the dominance index is 0, it can be seen that almost no individual dominates the community (Harmoko et al., 2020). The dominating species in Temam Waterfall is O. hosii, this causes the amphibian population in Temam Waterfall to become unstable. The existence of O. hosii is always related to rivers in primary and secondary forests and depends on good water quality, so by dominating O. hosii in an area it can mean that the area has good water quality (Septiadi et al., 2018).
The similarity index is needed to determine the level of similarity in species composition between two habitats (Ariza et al., 2014). The results of the similarity analysis using the Jaccard index obtained 0.75, which means that high species similarity between the Temam and Sando Waterfall habitats where 3 similar species were found, namely (D. melanostictus, F. cancrivora and F. limnocharis). There is the same habitat, which is close to the settlement for the habitat characteristics of D. melanostictus and the presence of forest areas that have been logged and the slow currents are characteristic of the habitat of F. cancrivora and F. limnocharis.

Conclusion
Taken together, from this study results, it can be concluded that the diversity of amphibians is in the low category, the amphibian population is stable, and the species similarity in Temam and Sando Waterfalls is high.