Personality Traits and Attitude toward Corruption among Government Workers

Corruption has continued to be a menace that has eaten deep both in developed and developing nation of the world. Ugwoegbu [1] define corruption as the illegal, immoral or dishonest behavior. This type of behaviour is mainly related to people in positions of power. It is a reality to say that corruption is more severe and persistent in developing country such as Nigeria. Over the years, the transparency international annual corruption perception Index has consistently rate Nigeria has one of the most corrupt country in the world. In Nigeria, corruption manifests itself in a variety of ways and in all sectors from the social, political and bureaucratic to the educational and cultural. Corruption are perpetrated in a variety of ways which include embezzlement, inflation of contracts, fraud, manipulation or distortion of information by public officials positioned between politicians and citizens [2,3], extortion, and lastly favoritism. These corrupt practices have continued to have negative implication on the socio-economic landscape of Nigeria such that more than half of the population now leaves on less than US $1 a day [4]. The government in a bid to reduce the menace of corruption in Nigeria created the anti-corruption agencies such as the Economic Financial crime commission (EFCC) and Independent Corruption and other Practices Commission (ICPC). Although the agencies recorded some achievable, the menace of corruption is still very high especially among public sectors.


Introduction
Corruption has continued to be a menace that has eaten deep both in developed and developing nation of the world. Ugwoegbu [1] define corruption as the illegal, immoral or dishonest behavior. This type of behaviour is mainly related to people in positions of power. It is a reality to say that corruption is more severe and persistent in developing country such as Nigeria. Over the years, the transparency international annual corruption perception Index has consistently rate Nigeria has one of the most corrupt country in the world. In Nigeria, corruption manifests itself in a variety of ways and in all sectors from the social, political and bureaucratic to the educational and cultural. Corruption are perpetrated in a variety of ways which include embezzlement, inflation of contracts, fraud, manipulation or distortion of information by public officials positioned between politicians and citizens [2,3], extortion, and lastly favoritism. These corrupt practices have continued to have negative implication on the socio-economic landscape of Nigeria such that more than half of the population now leaves on less than US $1 a day [4]. The government in a bid to reduce the menace of corruption in Nigeria created the anti-corruption agencies such as the Economic Financial crime commission (EFCC) and Independent Corruption and other Practices Commission (ICPC). Although the agencies recorded some achievable, the menace of corruption is still very high especially among public sectors.
In Nigeria employees in the public sector have been persistently alleged with corrupt practices ranging from fraud, embezzlement, bribery of judicial officials to monumental financial scandals. Attitude on the other hand, refers to people's experience which can be positive or negative. It is positive when a person develops a strong attraction of his likes, situation, object, or other persons or groups. While it is negative when the person develops a strong dislike for situations, objects, persons, groups or other identifiable aspect of our environment. While some employee in the public sector will engage in corrupt practices, some will not engage in this act it therefore means that employees in the public sectors hold different attitude toward corruption. Many available studies have investigated many factors that influence attitude toward corruption such as personality, fraudulent intent, Need for achievement and Fear of crime [5].
Many available studies have investigated many factors that influence attitude toward corruption such as personality, fraudulent intent, Need for achievement and Fear of crime [5], gender and organizational factors [6]. Situational and personality predictors [7]. However, little or no study has investigated the influence of personality traits on attitude toward corruption especially among Civil servants in Lagos state, Nigeria. Hence a gap this research hopes to fill.
Personality traits has propensity to explain individual differences in such a way that it focuses on constructing a coherent image of the person and his or her major psychological processes. Personality can be defined as a dynamic and organized set of characteristics possessed by a person that uniquely influences his or her cognitions, motivations, and behaviours in various situations [8]. The big five frameworks are hierarchical model of personality traits with five broad factors, which represent personality at the broadest level of abstraction. It consists of neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, conscientiousness and agreeableness variables [9]. Extraversion includes the outward turning of psychic energy toward the external world. Individuals can either be high or low on these traits. Agreeableness is the trait that is most concerned with interpersonal relationships and refers to the kinds of interactions a person prefers [10]. On the other hand, individuals who score low on agreeableness tend to be rude, irritable, uncooperative, and suspicious, tending to cater for their own needs [11]. Conscientiousness represents the drive to accomplish something, including features such as high levels of thoughtfulness, good impulse control, and goal directed behaviour [12]. Neuroticism refers to a continual level of emotional adjustment and instability. Individuals who score high on the neuroticism trait tend to experience emotional instability, anxiety, moodiness, and irritability, and are inclined to be worrying, insecure, and nervous. Openness to experience involves actively seeking and appreciating new experiences [10] and has also been referred to as imagination or intellect [13]. Individuals who score high on openness to experience tend to be curious, seek new and unfamiliar experiences, have a broad range of interests, and are easily bored [11]. The personality traits an individual have could go a long way to determine the kind of attitude the person will have toward corruption. It is from this basis that this study examines the role of personality traits on attitude toward corruption among civil servants in Lagos state.

Empirical Review
Adejuwon (2010) examined personality, fear of crime, fraudulent intent and need for achievement on attitude toward corruption among 600 local government civil servants in Osun state. The study found that there was significant relationship between personality, fraudulent intent and Attitude toward corruption. Fear of crime had an inverse relationship with Attitude toward corruption. Personality was the most potent predictor of Attitude toward corruption which extroversion traits was really associated with attitude toward corruption. Gbadamosi [14] investigates 1833 respondents in Nigeria on personality trait, bribery intent, religion status on attitude toward corruption. The result showed that attitude towards corruption was significantly and positively correlated with respondent personality, but there is no relationship between attitude toward corruption and their religion belief. Attitude towards corruption was also inversely and significantly correlated with rate of bribery and corruption and religion.
Afolabi [15] carry out a study on influence of personality type (A and B) on attitude toward corruption of Nigerian police. The sample used consisted of one hundred and twenty two policemen and women whose ranks are from Constable to Assistant Superintendent of police in the Irrua Area Command, Edo State, Nigeria. They found that type A personality are more prone to have positive attitude toward corruption because they are always in a hurried, risk takers, rigid and inflexible. While type B persons have negative attitude toward corruption because they are supportive of others, open to criticism and they try to make others feel accepted, type B personality always view behaviour to be in an ethical way. Kirkcaldy [16] in their study show that in a sample of 332 managers, they found that type A personality and an external locus of control are associated with greater perceived attitude toward corruption compare with managers with a type B personality and an internal locus of control with negative attitude toward corruption. Almlund, et al. [17] in their work stated that, few studies have examined the relationship between the Big Five and attitude toward criminal behaviour and that available evidence suggests that Big Five Conscientiousness and Agreeableness is important protective factors against criminal activity as well as the Juvenile Delinquency. These traits in turn are the crime factor is based on arrest for selling or buying drugs, shoplifting, driving while drunk, perjury, forging checks, and vandalizing. Heckman, et al. [18] found that personality traits i.e openness to experience is relatively more important in predicting fraudulent behaviour among workers.
Gbadamosi & Bello [19] examined 150 workers in a company and they found the possibility of a variety of factors to predict attitudes to corruption. Similarly, workers with high scores in Need for Achievement (N-Ach) and personality have been found to be characterized by a tendency to seek challenges and a high degree of been involve in positive attitude toward corruption. Moorthy et al. [20] examined the influence of individual variables on employee attitude toward corruption and theft behaviour in a supermarket in Malaysia. Stratified random sampling technique has been used in the selection of respondents. The result revealed that personality influence attitude toward corruption. Based on the empirical studies the study hypothesizes that i.
Extroversion will have significant positive relationship on attitude toward corruption among civil servants in Lagos state. ii.
Openness to experience will have significant positive relationship on attitude toward corruption among civil servants in Lagos state.
iii. Conscientiousness will have positive influence on attitude toward corruption among civil servants in Lagos state.
iv. Agreeableness will have significant positive influence on attitude toward corruption among civil servants in Lagos state. v.
Psychoticism will have significant positive influence on attitude toward corruption among civil servants in Lagos state.

Design
This study was conducted using cross-sectional survey research design. The independent variable used in this study is personality while the dependent variable is attitude toward corruption.

Setting
This study was carried out among civil servants in Lagos island local government and Etiosa local government all situated in Lagos state. The reason why this two local government was sampled is that there are persistent allegations of corrupt practices by government staffs in Lagos state; hence this research is important to test empirically with this two local government.

Sample and Sampling Technique
The study makes use of three hundred respondents (300). Purposive sampling techniques were used in gathering the data of this study. The reason why purposive sampling was used is that the researcher already has some knowledge of the population and the purpose of the study.

Instrument
A standardized questionnaire was administered in order to document the bio-data of the participants which include age, gender, marital status etc. The questionnaire further included an attitude toward corruption scale and personality traits scale.

Attitude toward Corruption Scale
This consists of 20 items that measure attitude toward corruption which was developed by Gbadamosi & Bello [19]. Sample of the item reads ‚'Bribes and tips are expected in daily life in this country and ‚'Lack of sanctions for corrupt practices is likely to increase corruption'' It was scored in Likert Format ranging from 1 = Strongly Disagree 2 = Disagree 3 = neither agree nor Disagree 4 = Agree 5 = Strongly Agree. The author reports a reliability of 0.62 for this scale and Cronbach's Alpha of 0.91 was reported in this study for this scale. , and 44 measured Openness to experience. The scale has a response format of 5-point scale ranging from 1-disagree strongly, 2disagree a little, 3-neither agree nor disagree, 4-agree a little, and 5-agree strongly. Each item on the scale begins with the phrase ''I see myself as someone who''. High scores on any of these traits mean high traits while low score on any traits indicate low trait. The author of the scale reports a Cronbach's alpha for the overall BFI scale as 0.83. In this study .78 was reported for extraversion, 0.67 for openness to experience, 0.71 for Agreeableness, 0.61 for Neuroticism, and 0.87 for Conscientiousness.

Procedure
Introduction letter was obtained from the Department of Psychology, Obafemi Awolowo University introducing the researcher to the study settings. Thereafter, the researcher got permission from the Head of Departments/staff in the two local governments area visited for the study. Respondents were thereafter educated on the purpose and objectives of the study. They were also informed that participation in the study was voluntary and that they are free to withdraw from the study whenever they felt uncomfortable to continue with the study. The participants were also given assurance of confidentiality in their responses. The questionnaire was distributed to the participants during the close of work, majority of the respondents return the questionnaire on a later day as only few of the residents fill the questionnaires on the spot. The filled questionnaires were retrieved and subjected to appropriate statistical analysis.

Hypothesis One:
The Table 1 shows that there was significant positive relationship between extroversion and attitude towards corruption (r= .48, df = 298, p<.01). This suggests that increase in extroversion significantly relate to increase in attitude towards corruption among civil servants in Lagos State  The Table 2 above shows that there was significant positive relationship between openness to experience and attitude towards corruption (r= .49, df = 298, p<.01). This indicates that increase in openness to experience significantly relate to increase in attitude towards corruption The Table 3 above shows that there was significant negative relationship between conscientiousness and attitude towards corruption (r=.-45, df = 298, p<.01). This indicates that increase in conscientiousness significantly relate to decrease in attitude towards corruption.

Hypothesis four
The Table 4 above shows that there was significant positive relationship between agreeableness and attitude towards corruption (r= .43, df = 298, p<.01). This indicates that increase in Agreeableness significantly relate to increase in attitude towards corruption.  The Table 5 above shows that there was significant positive relationship between neuroticism and attitude towards corruption (r= .51, df = 298, p<.01). This indicates that increase in neuroticism significantly relate to increase in attitude towards corruption.

Discussion
The study examines personality traits on attitude toward corruption among civil servants. As predicted in hypothesis one there was significant positive relationship between extroversion and attitude towards corruption, this implies that increase in extroversion significantly relate to increase in attitude towards corruption. The study was in line with study done by Adejuwon (2010) who found that personality have significant relationship between personality where extroversion traits was really the most potent.
The second hypothesis found that there was significant positive relationship between openness to experience and attitude towards corruption, this means that increase in openness to experience leads to increase in attitude toward corruption. The study was in line with Heckman et al. [18] found that personality traits i.e. openness to experience are relatively more important in predicting criminal activity among workers. In another similar study done by Dror (1999) who found that factory workers who always want to get exposed to information's at all-time reported having positive attitude toward been corrupt.
The third hypothesis found that there was significant negative relationship between conscientiousness and attitude towards corruption, this mean that increase in conscientiousness leads to decrease in attitude towards corruption. The study was in accordance with Heckman and Kautz [17] who found that Big Five personality traits especially Conscientiousness are important protective factors against corrupt practices. In another similar study done by Siollum [21] discovered from a self-report questionnaire that workers who don't have a sense of conscience report been corrupt.
The fourth hypothesis found that there was significant positive relationship between agreeableness and attitude towards corruption. This implies that increase in agreeableness leads to attitude towards corruption. The study was similar with Dror and his colleagues (1999) found that individuals who have agreeableness traits are more prone to agree with other on corrupt practices thereby making them have a positive attitude toward corruption. In another similar study done by Tarasulo, (2009) found that government staffs who don't have passion of what they are doing for the government report that they can engage in corruption any time they perceive they are not getting enough reward.
The fifth hypothesis found that there was significant positive relationship between neuroticism and attitude towards corruption; this means that increase in neuroticism lead to increase in attitude toward corruption. The study was in line with Moorthy, et al. [20] who found among Malaysia workers that the most potent predictors of personality that make individuals have positive attitude toward corruption is their emotional stability or neuroticism. In a similar study done by Collier, (1999) found that workers who are not comfortable with their salary and cannot cope with the rigor of the work load report that positive attitude toward corruption.

Conclusion
The study has been able to add to paucity of literature on attitude toward corruption. It was concluded in this study that extraversion have a significant positive relationship with attitude towards corruption, there was significant positive relationship between openness to experience and attitude towards corruption, there was also significant negative relationship between conscientiousness and attitude towards corruption, furthermore, there was significant positive relationship between agreeableness and attitude towards corruption. Finally, there was significant positive relationship between neuroticism and attitude towards corruption.

Implication and Recommendations
The study finding has practical implications on the role that personality traits have in the formation of attitude toward corruption. This study has implications for industrial and organizational psychologist as well as government at all levels. For industrial and organizational psychologists, they should devoid a psychological intervention programme aimed at reducing corruption in the public sector. Government at all levels should also devoid strategic means in which corruption would be reduce to its barest minimum in the public sector. It is therefore recommended that in order to reengineer behavior in the public sector in Nigeria, industrial and organizational psychologists should develop a personality assessment test aimed at screening both new and old employees who have favorable attitude toward corruption. Government at all levels should organize workshop and seminars for civil servants on the negative and detrimental effect of corruption in the public sector.

Limitation and Future Study
The first limitation of this study is generalization of the result findings to other civil servants in Nigeria since the study uses only two local governments. Another limitation encountered by this study is the issue of social desirability effect; most workers fake their response due to the sensitivity of the subject matter. Time constraint was a major challenge in this study. In order to ameliorate this limitation future study should increase the setting of the study as well as participant in order to improve the generalization of the result findings. Future study should also consider enough time for this kind of study.