16 Types of Crime Prevention

Studies and research findings on the history of the rights of criminals show that human societies mainly used punishment to combat crime, including its severe forms (ie, criminal prosecution), but the findings of criminal law and various schools of philosophyThe criminality of this intensity and the criminal system has not been able to curtail or eliminate the curve of the crime as expected. Such offenses have undermined the quality of life of the people, ultimately hindering the cultural, economic and social spheres of society, which means that the progress of the society is unreliable and disrupted. Violence and harassment are one of the most prevalent crimes, given the importance of the matter and the high degree of attention Criminal cases in this regard are urgently needed to take preventive measures. If social behavior is not compatible with the common expectations of community members or a group or social organization and is considered by many to be inappropriate or inaccurate, social exclusion is considered.


Introduction
The word of prevention nowadays in its common sense has two dimensions: Prevention or Prevention means "Prevent, Overtake and Prevent Something", and also "Warn Awareness". In preventive criminology, prevention is used in its first meaning, that is, by using different techniques to prevent delinquency, the purpose is to prevent the crime of going and overcoming delinquency.
Studies and research findings on the history of the rights of criminals show that human societies mainly used punishment to combat crime, including its severe forms (ie, criminal prosecution), but the findings of criminal law and various schools of philosophy-The criminality of this intensity and the criminal system has not been able to curtail or eliminate the curve of the crime as expected. Such offenses have undermined the quality of life of the people, ultimately hindering the cultural, economic and social spheres of society, which means that the progress of the society is unreliable and disrupted. Violence and harassment are one of the most prevalent crimes, given the importance of the matter and the high degree of attention Criminal cases in this regard are urgently needed to take preventive measures. If social behavior is not compatible with the common expectations of community members or a group or social organization and is considered by many to be inappropriate or inaccurate, social exclusion is considered.
An organization or any community of its own members expects its own values and norms to follow. But it's natural that people in the community are always found to be "non-social" and "incompatible". The factors causing distortion and distortion are not the same in different societies, and areas are different in terms of type of crime, severity and weakness, number, and also in terms of factors. Raymond Gessen argues that criminology is a branch of applied criminology whose purpose is to determine the most effective means to provide crime prevention on a community-wide scale or in a more restrictive direction, such as a city, a district of a city, etc., from public intimidation by threat It is criminal.
The oldest type of prevention is the prevention of child crime and the prevention of public delinquency. According to this distinction, children and adolescent juvenile offenders whose personality is in the process of being educated and rehabilitated should be used; while adult offenders should be used as frightening and threatening punishment because their personality is shaped [1].
But so far in the field of crime prevention, a number of species have been proposed by criminologists. For example, a number of criminologists, inspired by medical knowledge, have outlined the triple prevention pattern, namely, the first, second, and third of the delinquency, and others have classified delinquency prevention into two types of actions: Nowadays, recent division is more criminologist's point of view [2]. effectively tackles it, on the one hand, requires cooperation and participation of state institutions and popular organizations, and on the other hand, It requires the development and development of traditional strategies and tools for combating crime.

Primary Prevention
The primary prevention is to protect individuals from fighting all areas of crime that fall within the framework of social development [3]. At this stage of prevention, people are trying not to commit crime. At this level of prevention, the goal is to improve living conditions in order not to offend people, and to produce values that improve healthy relationships. In primary prevention, more attention is paid to the crime event than to the instigated offender. This approach has also been linked to Hendel Lang's lifestyle theory [4].

Secondary Prevention
The secondary prevention is to use methods to protect people at risk. Like: addicts, street vagabonds and street children [3]. In this type of prevention, the goal is to prevent the occurrence of crime by people who are in critical condition and likely to be victimized by the use of appropriate and early measures.
For example, in the prevention of addiction, the focus is on those who entertain in the form of recreation and have not yet reached the level of addiction. Also, children living in disadvantaged families and poorer neighborhoods in poor conditions, or young people who have experienced violence in their homes, are more likely to commit criminal misconduct than others.

Thertiary Prevention
This kind of prevention includes programs such as counseling for women and children, criminal interventions, and various groups. Preventive efforts at this stage are to prevent criminal behavior so that criminals can adapt and adapt to their social environment and not re-commit crimes.
The third prevention is used as a result of detecting or detecting or detecting operations for arresting the offender, imprisoning a convicted person, or sentencing and rehabilitating a prisoner. This division is done by Caplan [4].

Short -Term Prevention
Short-term prevention is a set of short-term solutions. Such as: providing more illumination of streets, alleys and public places, tailor-made and deterrent penal laws, setting up work institutions, providing decent leisure facilities, protecting children who are harassed and abused by the family Closing neighborhoods and crime areas, preventing the broadcasting of violent programs on television, and equipping the police and law enforcement forces to reduce the chance of occurrence of deviance or crime .
In dealing with social and cultural issues, due to systematic and long-term planning, one cannot overlook preventive measures in the short and long term [4]. This prevention includes "community-based prevention" or "social prevention" and "early prevention" [5].

Social Prevention
This kind of prevention includes measures and interventions that seek to eliminate or reduce the causes of crime and thereby prevent delinquency by intervening in the development process of individuals, improving their living conditions and normalizing the social and natural. According to Gessen [6], this kind of prevention is said to be social prevention as a result of social worker prevention experiences without interfering with police and justice discussions, and focusing on the inadequacies of juvenile delinquents and their growth environment [7].
One of the goals of this type of prevention is to reduce or eliminate the causes of crime in the social environment and is essentially designed to help change the situation of delinquency in local and residential communities. Establishment of recreational areas and parks for recreation, the establishment of educational, educational, cultural centers, creating income generation and job creation in neighborhoods, strengthening religious beliefs through effective and appropriate activation of local religious centers, the formation of local police [5], the development of equipment and measures such as youth sports clubs and activity-based projects to dissuade actual and potential offenders from future mistakes are examples of this type of prevention.
Another goal in social prevention is to coordinate community members with social rules, and the focus of this prevention is "individual." In other words, social prevention is the same as criminal prevention, offender and individual, and through education, persuasion, education and punishment, it seeks to induce the criterion of recognizing good and bad deeds for the individual, and the power of evaluating their performance Give him The basic point in this model of prevention is the specialty, thought and duplication of effort, because because of the scale and complexity of the subject, despite the huge and massive investments, the desired result in the reduction of crime is not achieved.
Followers of this type of prevention believe that by knowing the causes of committing a crime, such as: individual and social, and eliminating them by carrying out individual and social reforms such as: treating diseases and physical and mental failings and enhancing social values and Social institutions and the excellence of economic, educational, recreational, housing and other opportunities can prevent criminal tendencies in individuals [4].
In fact, social prevention is a series of measures that control factors affecting the formation of crime, and since, in addition to the social environment, it affects one's personality and motives, some Some also call it Individual-Based Prevention. Another of the goals of social prevention is to strengthen the foundations that contribute to socialization by influencing groups at risk. In other words, social prevention seeks to harmonize the individual with social rules through education.
What those involved in this type of prevention should do is to expel as many people as possible from the criminal system. In general, social prevention is an attempt to resolve criminal behavior issues by addressing the roots of crime and includes measures that affect the crime context through social, economic and cultural issues. For this reason, social prevention is the best description of primary prevention [3].

Developmental prevention
This kind of prevention attempts to prevent a child from continuing his criminal misery in the future if a child for any reason manifests itself as a criminal offense, with early intervention in him and his environment. [4]. Early prevention, early psychosocial intervention, in the process of children's development, to prevent risk factors that increase the likelihood of admitting and mimicking persistent criminal behavior in the future.
Risk factors in this prevention are a combination of individual and social conditions that have the appearance, continuity and sustainability of future criminal behavior in children and adolescents [3]. The features of this type of prevention are: Behavioral, personal, general, and its founders include: identification of individual and social risk factors and, consequently, the utilization of supportive factors through early psycho-social interventions at the levels School, family, and social environment, and it is based on the idea that early intervention can be prevented from delinquency and persistence of criminal offenses against those who are exposed to specific circumstances because of specific situations [5].

Long term prevention
Long-term prevention refers to mechanisms that take place in a time-consuming process to reduce crime opportunities in the future. Such as: Providing appropriate platforms for individuals to access appropriate education opportunities; Developing and implementing general policies for community members' engagement; Developing family education classes to enhance life skills; Strengthening the preventive role of schools through content promotion. And the quality of education and training programs, efforts to reduce the economic gap among different classes of society and achieve social justice.
Police stations and police stations are required to use these types of planning to prevent various crimes such as theft, street harassment, evasion, and harassment [4]. Sis prevention to eliminate or suppress offenders takes into account policies that are structured, process-driven and focused on individual and general crime factors in a broad and inclusive manner, and include social, economic, cultural, Political and legal [5].

Shame prevention
In passive prevention, some routine preventive measures are not of a precautionary or deterrent nature, such as police warnings, but remain in a passive way to influence these actions. In this kind of prevention, social factors (social prevention) have no effect, and in the meanwhile, they do not play the smallest role.
The role of preventative institutions such as the police and the judicial authorities is also very low.

Active prevention
In this kind of prevention, police force is the main focus of prevention that is activated to avoid and avoid crime and is also active at the social level. That is, the police take charge of leisure planning and guidance for a group of young people who are exposed to crime or deviation at a specific time and place. Meanwhile, the role of deterrent institutions is of crime or deviation at a specific time and place.
Meanwhile, the role of deterrents of crime is also evident. In active prevention, long-term planning is planned to prevent delinquency and reduce it. Government officials have a major role in their social function, and they take independent action [4].

Non penal prevention
Non-Penal prevention is " Preventing the outcome of thought and criminal intent by changing the circumstances and in which a series of similar crimes have occurred or may be committed in those circumstances." In other words, non-criminal prevention aims at eliminating the root causes and causes of crime and delinquency by addressing the issue of social control and the impact on criminal thought, so that human beings are raised to stay away from crime. In this kind of prevention, it is important to pay attention to the environmental, cultural, economic and social factors that lead the person to crime.
Noncustodial prevention is, in fact, the root cause of crime before crime, in which remedies are out of context within the justice system. This prevention against criminal prevention is also sometimes called "new prevention." In fact, non-penal prevention is a non-criminal act that seeks to prevent the occurrence of crime and crime by reducing or eliminating criminal and inappropriate means of showing off crime situations. Therefore, preventive action features include: -Effects on the factors or processes that play a decisive role in delinquency; -Collective; in the sense that it targets the whole population or a certain group -Lack of coherence and action.
In this way, non-criminal prevention includes prevention by eliminating and neutralizing delinquents and preventing by eliminating or changing victim positions [5]. Non-penal prevention is virtually a priori interfering with the process of transition from thought into a criminal act [2].

Penal prevention
Penal Prevention, in essence, is the next step, and applied to criminal justice through criminal justice through criminal justice. This prevention is divided into two types of "general reaction prevention" and "specific reaction prevention" based on the effect on society or the offender. General reaction prevention is a collective or group-based reactive prevention that seeks to prevent the perpetration of criminal delinquency by addressing citizens through horrific and collective learning.
A specific reaction prevention is a reactive prevention of a criminal offender who, by committing a punishment against a criminal, with a terrible and personalized training, seeks to prevent delinquent individuals [2]. In general, reactive or criminal prevention involves criminal proceedings before and after the crime, which seeks to reduce the rate of crime by taking advantage of the criminal justice system's mechanisms.
The reactive prevention approach is a frightening, individual, collective, and educational tool to prevent early delinquency and redress among people [5]. This kind of prevention, although it is not a response to the social and security needs of the community alone, can provide an important factor in reducing crime in the community by combining noncriminal preventive areas of crime and the use of both elements. . Criminal prevention, as it has many disadvantages and disadvantages, and the impact of criminals and their future lives in society, should be used as the last resort against crime. In general, the objectives of criminal prevention are: criminal reform, protection of the community, intimidation and general prevention by intimidating others.

Judicial prevention
Judicial prevention is a type of crime prevention based on the efforts of the government and the responsible institutions to reduce crime and eliminate its roots. This policy is examined in the context of judicial prevention, in which the ruling apparatus or the state acts as the first institution against crime and delinquents and by reforming it through the application of law and legislative policies against the perpetrator. In policy-making, crime prevention is one of the ways to prevent crime.
This method is "a process in which actions that are in conflict with their interests are prohibited and penalized". But this limitation in the lives of individuals should not be beyond the scope and purpose of social ends. The use of judicial prevention in order to reduce crimes is one of the important elements in the criminal system, and its existence in the criminal system is necessary and necessary because judicial and legal prevention in the executive and legal system leads to intimidation and criminality of criminals, especially potential criminals, and until It largely prevents crimes from committing crimes and repeating offenses.
Drawing up appropriate bills for correcting criminal policy and reforming the law with a wise and religious education perspective such as: victimization, decriminalization, punishment and disadvantages of penalties for legalizing can be part of the actions of the judiciary in the prevention of crime. And crime.

Disciplinary prevention
The existence of weaknesses in each society makes the sense of security safe by the people. Since a group of unhealthy people in the community are behaving in an unconventional manner and in conflict with social values, they create conditions of weakness, weakness and instability in parts of society based on their thoughts and intentions, for this reason In order to prevent insecurity and increase social security, governments and authorities have sought to control and reduce crimes through the implementation of crime prevention programs.
Police and law enforcement are one of the public security guards, whose main task is to prevent law enforcement. Police prevention includes: "Inhibition and control of crime through police actions, such as: increasing police patrols and the concrete and effective presence of police at the city level in order to prevent criminal acts and reduce the repetition of crime within the framework of the law.
Also, investigate the process of delinquency and the causes of its occurrence in order to take measures against the perpetrator and to take immediate action in the fight against delinquency and crimes and to work with the responsible bodies in reducing crime. " Regulatory prevention is important because it is the guardian of order and social security. In the prevention of law enforcement, the government and the responsible institutions play the most important role in establishing and maintaining security and their field of work is within the law [4].

Common prevention
The prevention of delinquency in the general sense includes those measures and measures that prevent the commission of crime. In this way, any criminal or non-criminal proceeding according to this definition will be placed within the scope of prevention of delinquency [2]. General prevention is a crimebased prevention that focuses on deterrence, intimidation and criminal education on the general public.
In this type of prevention, attempts are made to prevent the perpetration of crimes by individuals by establishing rules, determining punishment and enforcing them for criminals. In public prevention, creating fears, intimidation, threats, punishments, and fears of losing credibility to all who are potentially prepared to commit crimes. This level of prevention places the general public at the heart of people who are potentially willing to commit a crime, thus attempting to prevent public crime through public awareness.

Special prevention
The effect of punishment in deterring the offender from recommitting a crime is called special prevention. In this type of prevention, try to avoid reprisals of the same crime or other crimes by imposing punishment on the perpetrator and his punishment and suffering from punishment. Therefore, preventing recurrence of crime and creating fears for those who committed a crime earlier is the most important objective of the specific prevention, which is taking place in the form of measures for the training, rehabilitation and rehabilitation of criminals.
This kind of prevention is usually useful in the short term, such as: combating addiction and collecting children without a guardian from the street level [4]. Therefore, special prevention includes "a set of measures and actions aimed at combating delinquency by reducing or eliminating criminal causes and influencing prospective opportunities, so that it can be exploited by means of action mechanisms Personality of individuals and positions before crime was committed" [2].

Situational prevention
Situational prevention includes a set of non-criminal measures and measures that prevent the commission of crime through the elimination or reduction of appropriate opportunities for crime and improper prosecution. The strategies of this method, focusing on environmental changes, are part of controlling the perpetrators and partly on protecting the victims [8].
Situational Prevention was introduced as Clark, Cornish, and Heeur, as a scientific theory to reduce delinquency in the 1980s. In their works, they always have to take appropriate measures and take the necessary measures to reduce the opportunities and situations that lead to criminal behavior, as well as to change the relationship between the perpetrator and the victim [9].
This method is a method of prevention that, by changing the person's situation of crime and victimization or changing environmental conditions such as time and place, seeks to prevent a person from committing a crime by committing a crime. In this way, someone is sometimes exposed to victimization and is prevented from realizing a criminal act by supporting him or what is at risk of crime. In some cases, changing environmental conditions, such as location and time, makes it more difficult to realize the crime of deprivation or occurrence [10].
Situational prevention includes eliminating some of the hazards, reducing some of the risks by reducing the extent of the damage, reducing some of the risks by taking security measures such as: installing CCTV cameras or increasing the number of policemen to scare and prevent the offense. Crime, the transmission of some of the hazards by means of facilitating insurance and the like, and accepting some of the risks that are inevitable or removing them from imposition of unwarranted costs. This type of prevention, based on the circumstances of the crime, the type of crime, the goals and issues of crime and the characteristics of the victim, will take measures that will destroy or weaken the situations and opportunities for committing the crime.
Reducing opportunities and crime situations is accompanied by the development of physical security or the design of buildings and neighborhoods, which ultimately leads to dangerous and costly criminal acts. In this method of prevention, crime prevention management, by modifying the way of life of individuals and their environment, seeks to neutralize criminal operations, which in fact are such complementary measures of police work. Therefore, forecasting, recognizing and assessing the crime risk and taking actions to eliminate or reduce it is a conditional prevention, sometimes referred to as "crime risk management" [4].
Sexual crime seems to be more effective in preventing crime, because in this category of crimes, firstly, increasing the victim's safety factor is much easier than dissuading the offender from committing a crime that is influenced by uncontrolled natural instincts and intrusions. Sexual assault; secondly, because of the very negative consequences of this crime on the morale and psychological tragedy and the concern of potential victims, especially women, it can be more actively used as a potential victim for prevention [11].