Swallowing Disorders: Dysphagia

Glob J Otolaryngol 9(3): GJO.MS.ID.555761 (2017) 0058 Mini Review Dysphagia is a disorder of movement that causes either discomfort or difficulty swallowing liquid foods such as solids. Dysphagia is often associated with pathology, but not necessarily. Speech therapist treats dysphagia through rehabilitation. a) Definition of dysphagia b) Dysphagia is a symptom that disrupts the swallowing process c) What is swallowing? When we ingest food, they are chewed and then directed to the stomach without it implying the airways. It’s swallowing. This mechanism, when disturbed, can initiate the functional and vital prognosis of the person who is affected. This is called dysphagia or swallowing disorders (TD). a) Dysphagia: a variable symptom b) Dysphagia can vary from simple discomfort to food passage to food blockade of solids; in this case it is a complete dysphagia. c) It can also prevent the passage of liquids: it is called aphagia. d) Dysphagia can be permanent, intermittent, and sometimes even allow easier passage to solid than liquid foods. Causes of Dysphagia The causes of dysphagia can be: i. Mechanical; ii. Neurological; iii. Or muscular. The causes are therefore numerous, we shall cite but a few (Table 1). Table 1. Causes of Dysphagia


Mini Review
Dysphagia is a disorder of movement that causes either discomfort or difficulty swallowing liquid foods such as solids. Dysphagia is often associated with pathology, but not necessarily. Speech therapist treats dysphagia through rehabilitation. a) Definition of dysphagia b) Dysphagia is a symptom that disrupts the swallowing process c) What is swallowing?
When we ingest food, they are chewed and then directed to the stomach without it implying the airways. It's swallowing. This mechanism, when disturbed, can initiate the functional and vital prognosis of the person who is affected. This is called dysphagia or swallowing disorders (TD). a) Dysphagia: a variable symptom b) Dysphagia can vary from simple discomfort to food passage to food blockade of solids; in this case it is a complete dysphagia.
c) It can also prevent the passage of liquids: it is called aphagia. d) Dysphagia can be permanent, intermittent, and sometimes even allow easier passage to solid than liquid foods.

Causes of Dysphagia
The causes of dysphagia can be: i. Mechanical; ii. Neurological; iii. Or muscular.
The causes are therefore numerous, we shall cite but a few (Table 1).

Global Journal of Otolaryngology
Stroke a) The brain stem.
Invasive or noninvasive medical treatment a) Surgical operation with nasogastric intubation (placement of a tube in the nose and throat during anesthesia).

b)
Radiotherapeutic treatment (use of the rays as therapeutic).
c) Taking certain medications.

Diagnosis of dysphagia
It is necessary to distinguish between constant dysphagia linked to the swallowing of food (organic damage) and the difficulty of swallowing encountered in an anxious person. The diagnosis must also eliminate cancer of the aero-digestive tract. Here are the successive stages of the diagnosis of so-called esophageal dysphagia, in which the sensation of discomfort is situated in the thoracic cage (Table 2). Table 2.

Diagnosis of dysphagia
Step Has she been exposed to irritants?
f) Are there any associated symptoms (gastroesophageal reflux, hiccough, false route)? g) Did the person lose abnormally?
Step 2: Search for an organic lesion of the esophagus a. First, perform an oeso-gastroduodenal endoscopy.
b. If this examination is not technically possible, proceed to: i.
Thoracic CT; ii. or an echo-endoscopy; iii. O or a barium transit of the esophagus.
Step 3: If normal endoscopy, look for oesophageal motor disorder Oesophagealmanometry.
Step 4: In case of lesional dysphagia Endoscopy Step 5: In the case of oropharyngeal dysphagia (Neuromuscular disorders, ENT tumor pathologies and the consequences of their treatment by surgery or radiotherapy).
If there is no obstructive cause, perform an initial morphological assessment of the cervical esophagus by an oro-pharyngoesophageal transit.

Role of the speech therapist in dysphagia
The speech-language pathologist is committed to maintaining autonomy and oral feeding as long as possible. Three criteria guide its action: a.
The recovery prognosis of the patient: can the person recover (cranial trauma, etc.) or should his condition worsen (Alzheimer's dementia, etc.)?

b.
Physiopathological observations of the disease provided by functional exploration. c.
The general condition of the patient, as anxiety, fatigue, pulmonary congestion or depression can increase dysphagia.
The most common techniques to treat dysphagia in speech therapy are compensation and rehabilitation (Table 3). Table 3. b) In a more or less long term and in some cases, improved ability to swallow or even disappear dysphagia.