Assessment of physico-chemical, spectroscopic elemental, and biological analysis of sewage water of Habib Nalla in Quetta City

Levels of heavy metals in sewage water are essential to determine before moving to human use and the cultivation sector because of the venomousness effects of heavy metal to plants, humans and soil by uses sewage water directly or indirectly. Sewage water is being engendered at present in large amounts and amassed in wastewater treatment plant grounds in Quetta. Wastewaters of domestic are a significant constituent of urban wastewater outturn on a wastewater recharge system. For this reason, the quantity and quality of domestic wastewater have a substantial effect on the resultant defilement of urban wastewater and the successful selection of suitable reuse of wastewater technology. The study intended to quantify the number of hazardous elements in domestic wastewater to determine the average daily production of domestic wastewater and risk elements per inhabitant and quantify the proportion of households in a total load of urban wastewater in Habib Nalla, (sewages, and channel system) and reuse of wastewater. Wastewater samples were collected from six local sewer systems linked from City Nalla. It is found that the average production of wastewater from households is approximately 122 L per person per day. The results also show that the share of households in urban wastewater is approximately 61 % in the case of Cd, 33–20% in the case of Fe, Cu, K, and less than 14% for Pb, Cr, Na, Ni, Co, and Mn.


Introduction
Water plays a vital role in supporting all living forms.The weight of the human body consists of 60 to 70% of water content.Scarcity of water is a great threat, besides this contaminated water contributes terrifying situations a lot not only to human health but also to other beings [1].Water has standard ratios and values of chemicals and metals, according to the World health organization (WHO), which are checked by the Water Quality Index (WQI) [1, 2].Water can be noxious by below or above ratios of these elements.If ratios are less, dehydration will cause lethal conditions will lead to human health if the ratios increase up to 15 %.A Major component of contaminated water is Sewage effluent, which contributes a lot to polluting water [1, 3].In Urban areas, sewage effluent is a satisfactory wellspring of water for agricultural purposes as well as for domestic use [4].To meet these requirements convenient steps should be followed, like complete removal of suspended solids pathogenic organisms, biodegradable organic carbon, and reduction of nitrogen concentration to less than 10 mg/l From the heart of the City Nalla (sewage effluent) is running and finishes at the general areas of Kharotta-Abad passing from Jinnah town areas.Requirements for fresh water come to be gradually high with dearth, inaccessibility of fresh water, progression in industrial development, and hasty growth of population.For this Domestic users are obligated to drag the groundwater from connected areas of the City Nalla.These thickly populated areas are under investigation, so the high amount of effluent becomes part of Nalla.These areas have extremely disturbed water quality, and the health of living being is at a disastrous stage, it is greatly required to treat first to stop the tragic effects of contaminated water.From Mainstream to the tail point of City Nalla, different areas are understudies and heavy metals are going to be analyzed.City Nalla which runs in the middle of the city carried all flush and sewage water of Quetta city.The east and west fields used this water, and water also recharged the groundwater.Quality and quantify effects of sewage water on groundwater and agriculture have great significance [8, 11, 12].Both of them directly upset the health of people of Quetta City.

Methods and Materials Solutions and reagents
During the analysis, analytical grade reagents, and standards were cast off.All apparatus was washed with de-ionized water, and cleansed with acids with (20% HCl).In the course of examination absolute solution of 0.5 M nitric acid was used.By using atomic absorption standards of 1000ppm and dilution with 0.5 M nitric acid further standards were prepared [5].

Site selection for sampling
The samples were collected from different six sites of Habib Nalla of Quetta city (Jinnah Road, Shabaz Town, Jinnah Town, End Habib, Nalla, BMC junction Nalla at karottabad, Airport Road).Water sections were placid in one day as of six dissimilar spots of Habib Nalla.Plastic bottles with screw caps were used to keep water samples safe.Different physico-chemical parameters and heavy metals were tested for these samples.These samples were kept carefully staying out of any kind of dregs samples and before going to the field boric and hydrochloric acids were cast off as preservatives in the sampling bottles for heavy metals [13].

Collection and preservation of samples
The study was conducted in September 2021; sampling details are given below (Table 1).From the running system of Nalla six sites were selected to collect samples.Each Collection consisted of 1.5 liters of sample.After collecting samples, it is first filtered through Whatman filter paper.They prepared according to a standard procedure (1995).Collected samples were stored in sterile, antibacterial Plastic bottles and were accurately characterized [14].After this, they were directly led to the Analytical Lab the University of Baluchistan.

Sample preparation
In a 125 mL conical flask, a 100 ml portion of each sewage water sample was poured, about 10 milliliters of concentrated HNO3 were added, and the prepared solution was then gently but surely heated on a stove till the volume reduces to half.After cooling at room temperature, an additional 5 mL conc.HNO3 was added.Boiling sustained as desirable consecutive addition of 5 mL portions of HNO3 (conc.)until digestions were done.Already solution was warmed for another addition of 5 mL NaOH (5 M) and then strained through a Whatman No. 1 filter paper.The filtrate was transported to a 100 mL volumetric flask and doubled with distilled water up to the marked volume.

Conclusion
By examines of domestic wastewater samples from six local sewer systems in City Nalla, the mean values of the hazard elements production were determined.The amounts of the hazard elements were assessed to be 6.453 mg for Fe, 481.895 mg for Na, 1.920 mg for Mn, 37.9609mg for K, less than 1 mg for Cu, Pb, Ni, Co, and Cd. and the data published is so far in other countries, especially in the case of Fe, Mn, and Na and there are major dissimilarities between the determined values of hazard elements in the Quetta city (Pakistan).The reasons for these dissimilarities are the different type of wastewater consumption, socio-economic situations, and quality of drinking water, household substructure, and standards of lifestyle.Consumption of water for laundry, and washing dishes may flush toilets and commercial use of non-portable water may be another possible cause of considerable variability in the assembly of hazardous elements.