Redescription of Lipeurus tropicalis Peters, 1931 (Phthiraptera: Ichnocera: Philopteridae) from Hyderabad district, Sindh, Pakistan with reference to its Morpho-taxonomical and genital studies

The dark pigmented large size common wing


Introduction
The study of chewing lice species (Phthiraptera: Insecta; Mallophaga) was started from 17 th century.The ectoparasites of birds and mammals were first studied that have small and degenreated body with incomplete life cycle [1].The word pediculus was used [2] for parasitic arthropods, like lice, fleas, Psocopterans and even for Hippoboscid flies.The subfamily Lipeuidae Nitzsch, 1818 includes various chewing lice species.These are bilaterally symmetrical.
Obligatory, wingless ectoparasites with biting mouth parts [3] are closely related to genus Oxylipeurus MjÖberg, 1910 having similar anterior margin of head; preantennal region; arrangementof antenna and segmaentation; temples form; pterothoracic cavity and chaetotaxy; sclerotization of abdomin; evidence of genital pouch.The parasitic insect Lipeurus tropicalis Peters, 1931 (Phthiraptera: Ichnocera: Philopteridae) is common wing louse slow moving and most of the time is attached to under soft and hairy feathers of host birds and cause frustration, irritation, angryness and insanity behavior when there is high infestation.It is large sized and dark brown pigmented louse which is common in meleagris gallopavo ( The study was conducted from 2018-2020.The specimens included eggs, nymphal stages and adult males and females from various body parts of their hosts.The white and dry powdered pyrethroid (Coopex powder) was dusted on each body of the host.After 20-30 minutes the feathers of the bird was scrambled over a white paper sheath for collection of parasites.A large number of chewing lice were fallen down from the body of the hosts on white sheath.The specimens were collected with the help of fine brushes and preserved in 75% ethyl alcohol in small glass vials.The vials were labeled with time, date, locality and information of the hosts.First each specimen was cleared in KOH solution for 24 hours, then neutralize the specimen in dilute acetic acid 20-30 minutes, after that cleaned specimens by pressing, then dehydration is started by passing them from ascending series of alcohols till 100% of ethyl alcohol, then washed by xylol and finally put the specimen on the glass slide and mounted permanently with Canada balsam and with cover slips.The specimens were studied under the light compound microscope and drawing was made on thin tracing paper by microscope of drawing tube attachments, photographs were taken with the help of Nikon Japan camera.5 mature specimens were boiled in 10% KOH solution in water bath.The genitalia were dissected and removed from the body with the help of insect pins and fine sharp pointed forceps.The collection methods and techniques were followed by

General body shape
Body thin elongated cylindrical shape.Anterior region much broader than posterior region of the body (Fig. 2A&B).

Terminalia of male
Abdominal terminal segment of male is small, smooth, rounded and anterior margin is convex, comprises of segment IX and X, which are very typical with highly dark pigmentation; slightly concave posterior margin bears two vey small microsetae; anterior margin bearing two pairs of small and fine setae and one pair of large macrosetae; ventral margin bearing four to six microsetae and three pairs of lateral fine setae; subgenital plate is well developed.

Terminalia of female
Abdominal terminal segment of female is bilobed and uncomplicated; tergite IX is unfused medially bears anterior plate which is fused and occurrence of separated posterior plate; three pairs of lateral marginal setae are very large; evidence of well-developed subgenital plate which is elongated, less sclerotized, and slightly concave posteriorly; existence of ventro-terminal genital opening; margin of vulva is furnished is having limited microsetae (Fig. 3A).

Genitalia of male
Genitalia of maletypically characteristics to species, largely elongated, complex and well developed.A genitalia was reached up tothe abdominal segment IV of the body.Sclerotization occursextensively; occurrence of large and stout basal apodeme which is bent anteriorly which stand dark pigmentation.Approximately parameres are straight with posteriorly pointed ends; existence of well-developed genital sac having comma shaped spicules; occurrence of developed mesosomal plate (Fig. 3B).

Figure 3. Lipeurus tropicalis Peters, 1931, A Female terminalia B Male genitalia
The species Lipeurus tropicalis Peters, 1931 is closely associated to Lipeurus.caponis (Linnaeus, 1758) in having some similar structures; occurrance of similar structure of head; cephalic carina; and chaetotaxy; arrangement of antennal scape; existence of dark brown lateral margin and expanded body size; proof of abdominal integrated plates; but the present species Lipeurus tropicalis Peters, 1931 can be easily be separated from Lipeurus.caponis (Linnaeus, 1758), by having some structures; occurrence of marginal setae on anterior head;width of head; hyaline medial bump; organizationof head and its sclerotization;

Conclusion
The chewing lice (Mallophaga: Phthiraptera) are obligatory parasitic insects of Meleagris gallopavo (Linnaeus, 1758) Turkey fowland Pavo cristatus Linnaeus 1758Pea fowl (Galliformes: Phasianidae) causes pathology directly or indirectly to host birds.The present study was carried out on domestic fowls (Galliformes: Phasianidae) which are poultry birds galliforme birds of family Phasianidae.The purpose of the study is to identify the male and the female species by line diagrams and described the species taxonomically with the special referrence of their special genital frame work.The detailed morpho-taxonomy of lice explained the existance of particular species on host birds which is dark pigmented large size common wing [15-17].Results and Discussion Lipeurus tropicalis Peters, 1931 Lipeurus tropicalis, Peters, 1931: 195.Type host Gallus gallus domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758) Domestic fowl.

Figure1.Figure 2 .
Figure1.Lipeurus tropicalis Peters, 1931, A Male B Female at 10x10 : Ichnocera: Philopteridae) was collected and recordedas new hosts and new locality record from Hyderabad district, Sindh, Pakistan.The parasitic louse causes uneasiness, unhealtyness, less feather meat and eggs productions in birds.Authors' contributions Conceived and designed the experiments: F Shaikh & S Naz, Performed the experiments: S Naz & F Shaikh, Analyzed the data: NA Birmani Contributed materials/ analysis/ tools: F Shaikh & NA Birmani, Wrote the paper: F Shaikh.

[21, 24-33].
Pavo cristatus Linnaeus 1758 Pea fowl in both the regions of Pakistan and India [18, 19] as well as also found in North American states like Mexico and Florida [20].The species was reported from Gallus gallus domesticus (Linnaeus 1758) as a type host.It was recorded first time as new host and new locality record from Meleagris gallopavo (Linnaeus 1758) Turkey fowl and Pavo cristatus Linnaeus 1758 Pea fowl from Hyderabad District, Sindh Pakistan.The taxonomic study was carried out by [21] and he was the pioneer in the taxonomic history of (Phthiraptera).He worked on ectoparasites and detailed variety of species in 19 th century [22].He presented the clear the origin of all groups of lice and described the names of species [23].