Response of fruit essences with Methyl eugenol to attract Bactrocera spp. at Chiku orchard

The experiment was conducted at the Chiku orchard, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam during December 2016 to March 2017. Different essences were tested with Methyl eugenol i.e. pineapple (T1), banana (T2), cardamom (T3) and afza (T4) whereas methyl eugenol was used as control in (T5) without any essence with five replications through applying layout RCBD. Observations were recorded from December to March. Two fruit fly species; Bactrocera zonata and Bactrocera dorsalis were identified among the trapped species. Data represents that maximum mean number of B. zonatawas collectedT1 (185.63±41.22) whereas; the minium mean number of B. zonata was T5 (126.44±21.49). Overall mean number of B. zonata trapped was 185.63, 164.25, 126.94, 179.68 and 126.44 for T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5, respectively. Maximum captured pests were recorded in T1, whereas, minimum mean number of pests were captured in control trap. According to monthly observations the maximum numbers of B. zonata were trapped in the month of March (103.91±25.5) whereas; where minimum number was recorded in the month of December (3.18±1.25). The mean number of captured pests in January and February were 9.26±16.21 and 40.33±2.83 respectively. In the same way, maximum mean number of B. dorsalis was recorded in March (7.23±2.57) and minimum numbers were observed in December (0.19±0.17). Treatment wise the highest number of B. dorsalis was recorded at T1 (20.5) followed by T4 (17.84), T2 (11.05), T3 (9.5) and T5 (9.37). The relation of temperature with B. zonata and B. dorsalis observed as positive correlation: whereas it was observed as negative relation in order to humidity.

. While overall in world; India is considered as the largest producer of chiku where its states i.e. Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pardesh, Gujrat, Maharashtra and Karnatka contribute maximum part regarding its production. Although a climacteric fruit with very little shelf-life which cause almost 30-35% fruits perish as postharvest losses but categorized as a vital fruit in tropical regions [2]. It is a resistant cropbut can disturbed by several reasonsproduction and commercial worth of crop. Trees are attacked by different species of insects and mites throughout the year [3] described 25 species of insects and mites while recorded39 species of insect pests which have potential to cause damage to chiku crop. Among them serious pests Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) observed as major insect pest which cause heavy losses to chiku fruits in Asia. [4]. In Gujarat, several insect pests were reported which attack chiku all over the year and another species of (tephritidae) Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) also provide serious damage [5]. Female fly deposit itseggs in the targeted fruits, when they are physiologically suitable. After growth period, maggots start to feed on fruit pulp resultingfruits to become softer and staining which also promote secondary infestation by fungal and bacterial spp. [6]. The affected fruit drops prematurely and loose market value. Average financial loss of 29,460 million rupees per year due to attack of fruit fly on citrus, guava, chiku and mango is documented in India (Mumford, 2001). In gardening industry worldwide; fruit fly is considered as one of the most destructive insect pest globally. These flies damage about 40 fruit and vegetables species [7]. Fruit flies give direct commercial loss by fruit drop, damage and loss of market value. Infestation by fruit fly results severe threats financially to growers and dealers who are involved in this business. Furthermore due to its attack fruits could not become able to be exported. These insects are almost found anywhere in the world [8]. . Fruit flies are widely attract adults to their death by the use of food baits which, mixed with pesticides. Over several years in South Asia a number of different lures have been assessed for the attraction of fruit flies, as well as protein hydrolysate [14]. Several yeast preparations, including 2% brewery waste in water, hydrolysed by oven sweltering at 40 0 C for 48 hours and 1% yeast protein and 1% sugar .Management practices may need to be implemented if population are causing severe fruit damage. Therefore, this experiment was planned to observe the influence of various fruit essence with combination ofmethyl eugenol to attract fruit fly and its management atchiku orchard under field conditions.

Materials and Methods
The experiment was conducted during 2016-2017 at chiku orchard farm in Horticulture Garden at Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, Sindh, Pakistan.

Pheromone bait Treatment 1:
(Methyl eugenol 85% + sugar10% + Insecticide Malathion 5% + 2ml pine apple essence) Treatment 2: (Methyl eugenol 85% + sugar10% + Insecticide Malathion 5% + 2ml banana essence) Treatment 3: (Methyl eugenol 85% + sugar10% + Insecticide Malathion 5% + 2ml cardamom essence) Treatment 4: (Methyl eugenol 85% + sugar 10% + Insecticide Malathion 5% + 2ml afza essence) Treatment 5: Control (Methyl eugenol 85% + sugar10% + Insecticide Malathion 5%) only Pheromone traps Traps were used in this experiment by taking the size of (36x11x16cm) which have tube shape upper concealment and with two openings at equal distance in each reverse direction. Cotton wicks used to absorb the treatment mixture and wrapped with the wire to attach with the trap. Experiment design rested out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with five different treatments and individually treatment replicated four times. Each treatment contains two wicks of cotton one of methyl eugenol and other contain essence. Composition of trap solution methyl eugenol (85%), sugar (10%) and insecticide used 5% for the killing of captured fruit flies, treatment five used without any essence as a control. The standard amount of methyl eugenol and essence were 2 ml/trap. Temperature and relative humidity were noted regularly at field level. Trapped flies were counted accordingly on weekly basis.Cotton wicks were replaced on fortnightly basis. Data was analysed through ANOVA by using Statix software and LSD test applied for mean separation.

Trapping efficacy of different treatments against Bactrocera dorsalis
The results of (Table 2) shows that efficacy of various treatments is revealed. The data indicate that the maximum mean mass of B. dorsalis was collected in March (7.23±2.57) and the lowestmass was collected in December (0.19±0.17). According to treatment wise results indicate that the maximum flies attract in T1 (20.5) and minimum flies attract in T5 (9.37) remaining treatment results was in T4 (17.84), T2 (11.05) and T3 (9.5) respectively. According to monthly wise data the maximum and minimum both mean number of individuals captured was (0.38±0.41), (0.00±0.00) in which treatment at T4, T1. The mean collection of data on further traps were; T2 (0.17±0.17), T3 (0.17±0.17) and T5 (0.25±0.08). In the next month January, the percentage of individuals increase in all treatments, as compare to last month. The uppermost quantity of flies were counted from T4 (2.69±4.85) followed by T1 (2.44±2.41), T2 (2.00±1.28), T3 (1.63±1.43) and T5 (1.5±1.77). In the month of February maximum population recorded in T1 (8.25±0.92) while; the minimum individuals were captured in T2 (1.44±1.05). The observations on other treatments were (2.19±0.72), (2.13±0.60) and (6.44±1.85) at T5, T3 and T4 respectively. In March, the lowest collection of flies was obtained from T3 (5.44±2.14) followed by T5 (5.56±2.42), T2 (7.44±2.09), T4 (7.88±3.23) and T1 (9.81±2.96). The statically analysis shows that moderately significant different between all treatments (p<0.0378) Correlation of temperature and humidity with Bacterocera spp. population Correlation results (Table 3) indicated that population of B. zonataus illustrated medium, positive and infinitelysignificant relationship among temperature, whereas, its relationship with relative humidity was negative, weak but highly significant. Moreover, B. dorsalis relationship with temperatures was medium, positive and highly significant, whereas, with relative humidity, its relationship was weak, negative and highly significant.  In this study different food essences were utilized to upgrade viability of pheromone traps to lure maximum population of fruit flies (B. zonata and B. dorsalis) and comparatively observed efficacy of different food essences as well as without any food essence. This one season study is not adequate to reach out significant determinations for the quality capability of the essences contemplate hence a broad level study is so far expected to additionally consider mentioned essences in various territories as well as in different fruits and vegetables. Besides the outcomes and commendation made in this study accomplished till now could be followed and applied accordingly. It is expected that these results will be helpful for farmer community and fruit flies could be controlled effectively by applying of natural substances without contaminating the earth and staying away from additional costs on inputs and risk to human health.

Conclusion
It is concluded that comparatively best essences to methyl eugenol in order to attract fruit flies are pineapple and afza.Maximum population of B. zonata and B. dorsalis was recorded during the month of March and February Moreover, temperature showed a positive and medium effect on the population of both species, whereas, relative humidity showed a negative but very weak relationship with both the species.