COVID-19 pandemic: Current and future implications on science and society

In 1 quarter of 21 century, with the appearance of novel coronavirus, the world is facing a disastrous pandemic of COVID-19 originated from China. The pandemic intensity differs from country to country and the most affected countries are Italy, Spain, France, UK and USA in terms of the mortality ratio while virus is spreading rapidly in more than 180 countries of Europe, Australia, North and South American, Asia and least affecting the African continents. In Pakistan, there have been total 2,389,827 active infections, 1,446,574 recoveries and 280,697 deaths worldwide to date (10/05/2020) which is more than severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). The outbreak of SARS, affected 8098 individuals with 774 deaths and 9.7% fatality rate while MERS-CoV has 2494 cases, 858 deaths and 34% fatality rate. The COVID-19 epidemic has established anxious condition all over the world which exhibited the adverse effects on physical and mental health of individuals. This review discusses comparative analysis of confirmed cases, number of deaths and highlighting the impact of COVID-19 on daily life, international trade, business, education, transport and global economy. This article summarizes the present state of information and will enhance our knowledge to understand the COVID‐19 distinctive features and improve our preventive measures in future. Thus, during this period of great stress, there is requirement of new interdisciplinary methodology with collaboration of sociologists, scholars, epidemiologists, anthropologists, public health experts and virologists to have a change in our activities and behavior to environment in confronting an emergency.


Introduction
Reemergence of pathogens in the form of outbreak always become worldwide challenges and troublesome issue for public health [1]. Outbreak of a disease occurs when large number of cases is reported above the expected level .Outbreaks provide an opportunity of new research to cope with situation and make discoveries about the trending [2]. In the earliest month of 2020 the international public health agency named World Health Organization announced sixth outbreak emergency of disease COVID-19 all over the world, become a public health concern. It is the sixth one outbreak from previous decades The WHO announced that the outbreak of the coronavirus epidemic was linked with the Huanan South China, but there is no specific animal association has been reported. In January 2020, a huge number of cases of novel coronavirus have been reported in Wuhan, China. There were very few cases which were identified on December 29, 2019; all were belonging to Seafood Wholesale Market [9]. This study is conducted on observational base and concluded that COVID-19 pandemic, a viral disease transmitted person to person, affected the world by making imbalance in the social, economic, educational, recreational aspects of life. The aim of this study is to make aware for strategies to cope with the trending situation as if remains so there will be more anxiety regarding life existence.

COVID-19 general perspective
In the previous eighteen years, the world has seen three lethal epidemics of developing coronaviruses, notorious to originate intestinal and respiratory intricacies in people [10]. The outbreak of COVID-19 turned into a severe threat for the medicinal services specialists, academic network, scientists and the diseases controlling offices across the world, as far as spread, prevention and treatment. Pneumonia seems, by all accounts, to be the most continual indication of disease, described basically by cough, reciprocal invades chest imaging, dyspnea and fever [11]. The general case casualty rate is unsure however gives off an impression of being around 3 percent. The vast majority of the fatal cases have happened in patients with fundamental clinical comorbidities. However, the COVID-19 epidemic is damaging the mental as well as physical health, while, the healthcare specialists are mainly concentrating on physical health [12]. Reemergence of pathogens in form of outbreak always become worldwide challenges and troublesome issue for public [13]. Outbreak of a disease occurs when large number of cases is reported above level that might be expected to be present in community.
Outbreaks provide an opportunity of new research to cope with situation and make discoveries about the trending disease regarding its treatment, control, vaccine development [14]. In the earliest month of 2020 the international public health agency named World Health Organization announced sixth outbreak emergency of disease COVID-19 all over the world, turn out to be a public health fear [15]. It is the sixth one outbreak from previous decades that were of H1N1, polio,  [23]. In both of these cases, the pathogen (SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, individually) were recently diagnosed coronavirus in the family Betacoronavirus with zoonotic inception [24]. The world is strongly in the grasp of the pandemic COVID-19. Commonly, Coronaviruses are an enormous group of enveloped RNA viruses that for the most part infect mammals and birds. In people, they can cause light infestation in the upper respiratory tract, similar to the normal cold, yet in addition increasingly severe lower respiratory tract diseases. These infestations can show as pneumonia, bronchitis or an extreme respiratory ailment, for example, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), or coronavirus-19 (COVID-19). Despite the fact that the fatality rate is far lower than that of MERS (34.4%) and SARS (9.14%), the combined affirmed cases, in a period of around 2 months after the pandemic, especially surpassed SARS with 8,096 cases since 2002 and MERS with 2,494 cases since 2012. The virus named SARS-CoV-2 shares sequence similarity of about 88 percent to that of 2 coronaviruses identified in bats while it shows 79 percent similarity with the SARS coronavirus and have also depicted 50 percent similarity with MERS coronavirus. The profoundly infectious nature of SAR-CoV-2 is presumably because of the infection spreading through asymptomatic infected person which has been accounted for in Germany. Perception of 88 cases analyzed during 20-28th January, 2020 from people with Wuhan travel history, found that the mean incubating period extended from 2.1 to 11.1 days, which is like another study and was in a similar range with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV [25]. Coronavirus transmission in individual seems competent and the virus is of epidemic potential. COVID-19 mortality ratio exhibited the diverse severity in the world. In Europe, Italy has the maximum number of cases, and proclaimed a sequence of extreme procedures above the weekend to attempt to cover the epidemic. There were 108,237 people getting better at home or being cured in hospital. According to US-based Johns Hopkins University, while following the epidemic globally, reported that more than 28,000 individuals have been died so far due to coronavirus in Italy [39]. The first case of SARS-2 pandemic reported in North America in month of January 2020 in United States and claimed a number of lives and still on the way to threat to million more both in U.S and Canada .Almost all countries of North America were affected by this pandemic including Saint Kitts , Nevis and Bonaire .With time, particularly ,on 26 March 2020 the United States became to have highest number of cases that were over 82,000.This situation became more tragic and officially United States became the most affected country of North America with death toll of over 20,000 individuals (COVID-19 pandemic in North America, 2020). In the Middle East, Iran's outbreak has been the most awful so far and there are anxieties that the epidemic's extent is considerably poorer than stated by Iranian establishments. Iran had stated 84,802 cases through altogether thirty one provinces, with 5,297 demises on April 21, 2020.Even with its rigorousness, maximum individuals experience minor symptoms and improve, but the aged and those with prior existing disorders are predominantly susceptible to the virus [40].
The novel coronavirus, COVID-19, by this time has spread to more than 180 countries and regions across the world at this stage of writing. However, some countries like South Korea and China look to have controlled the virus such as the number of novel cases are reducing promptly, in other regions of the ecosphere, it is just in progress of developing exponentially [41].

COVID-19: Disrupting lives, economies and societies
The worldwide epidemic is swaying an extensive area of universal economy and exchange enterprises, from services usually to the hospitality and travel, clinical materials and international value chains, financial markets, consumer electronics, energy, food, social activities, transportation to give some examples [42]. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and development (OECD) Secretary General Angel Gurria expressed On March 23, 2020 that "The sheer size of the current threat acquaints a phenomenal multifaceted nature to financial forecasting. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and development (OECD )Interim Economic Outlook, discharged on March 2, 2020, made a first endeavor to check out the imaginable effect of COVID-19 on worldwide development, yet it currently appears like we have just moved well past even the more serious situation visualized at that point. The pandemic has additionally gotten under way a significant financial emergency that will trouble our social orders for a considerable length of time to come" [43].

The
International Monetary Fund Organization (IMF) stated that the global economy would come across its "most exceedingly recession since the extreme anxiety, outstripping that observed throughout the worldwide economical emergency ten years back." Moreover, the IMF conjecture assessed that the global economy might decline by 3.0% in 2020, prior evolving by 5.8 percent in 2021; universal exchange is expected to decrease in 2020 by 11.0% and oil prices are predicted to decrease by 42 percent. The unexpected financial interruption brought about by COVID-19 isn't just ruinous yet additionally has spillover suggestions since it made supply and requirements shock in pretty much every region of human endeavor [44]. The financial fallout around the globe because of the infection could include downturns for the Japan, US and euro-region, the slowest progress reported in China, and a cumulative of $2.7 trillion in lost profit-equivalent to the total GDP of the UK. China will continue to survive as a result of its enormous reserves (Tackeling coronavirus, 2020). Pakistan is a developing country which has been undergoing several crises for the previous many years. However, economy of Pakistan is nowadays on ventilator, COVID-19 which is causing the world economy to a downfall, can destroy our economy like it demolished immune system of human body and also this monster will smash harshly and make irretrievable threat and all at the same interval. Pakistan as specified by rough estimates might cause primary economic loss of 1.3tr rupees because of COVID-19 [45]. Keeping in notice the ascent in Italy's death rate, the wellbeing indicators around the globe are underscoring on complete lockdown around the state while we can't bear to practice such lockouts given that we can confront enormous financial shortfall as our assets are constrained and economy is crumbling [46]. One of the most significant results of the Coronavirus epidemic is the development of social tension around the world. This has prompted severe threat for people of all countries, even in communities without an affirmed outbreak [47]. The feeling of dissatisfaction particularly among the young age group proclaims how our communities are defenseless in confronting hazards. Old and aged individuals, impaired and lowsalary people endure unbalanced harm in disasters and outbreaks on account of Corona pandemics, all gatherings in societies think that they are in danger [48].

Status and challenges toward vaccine development in wake of COVID-19
Now, the world looks for a perspective to stop the COVID-19 outbreak, the struggle is on to find out and generate a vaccine. A few idealistic assumptions recommend that vaccine could be available in a year or even in six monthshowever researchers are now warning that it perhaps won't be honestly believable to develop enough vaccine for everyone, rich countries may gather supplies [56]. Assets for coronavirus, will likewise must be adjusted against the requirement for different vaccines. In the event that vaccines created from inactivated types of SARS-CoV-2 demonstrate best, it ought to be simpler to assess what it would take to produce dosages, since this mechanical innovation has been around since at least the 1950s, the creation and purification of entire SARS-CoV-2 infection at high concentrations could require resources with biosafety level 3 accreditation [57].
These are rare, and could be the reason not much organizations state they are attempting this methodology. But even if huge amount of vaccine is made, there is no real way to constrain countries to share it. During the 2009 H1N1 flu outbreak, Australia was among the first to create a vaccine, yet didn't promptly export it since it needed vaccines for its residents first. There is likewise no worldwide entity responsible for requesting the assembling of vaccines on a worldwide scale and paying for it [58,59].

Conclusion
The current pandemic of COVID-19 has been considered as global health threat. The number of confirmed cases is continuously increasing all over the world. It is possibly evident that lockdown only might not be satisfactory to stop the spread of COVID-19, as the global effect of this virus transmission is one of intensifying apprehension. Advance study is certainly necessary to help in describing the particular animal to human and human to human transmission mechanisms to facilitate the vaccine development. As the painful situation of this pandemic alarmed the world and there is dire need of attention towards various aspects regarding the control of this pandemic not only at national level but also at international. Additionally, virus outbreaks in future are possible to continue, efforts are needed to develop comprehensive strategies to prevent these pandemics in future.