Efficacy of different drugs against tick infestation in goats reared under semi- intensive system

Study was conducted on a total of 90 goats for assessing the efficacy of different drugs against tick infestation in goats reared under semi-intensive system at Taluka Khipro, District Sanghar. Goats were divided into three groups viz. A, B and C. A group was treated with Trichlorfon, B with Cypermethrin and C was kept as control group. Four species of ticks were found to be commonly infesting the goats such as Hyalomma anatolicum, Amblyomma variegatum, Boophilus microplus, and Rhipicephalus anguineus. All tick-infested goats showed clinical signs of weakness, anemia, and anorexia. Further, efficacy of Trichlorfon and Cypermethrin was observed against the tick infestation by single and multiple applications. In a single application of the 1 treatment, the highest rate of efficacy was observed by Trichlorfon (85.6, 81.6 and 78.4%) followed by Cypermethrin (81.6, 77.6 and 68%), at 7, 14 and 21 days. While the control group remained positive and trend in the increase of tick infestation. While all treated goats had shown improvement in health by clinically and disappeared the symptom of the disease. It conclusion Hylomma species was most prevalent tick detected in goats reared under the semi-intensive system. Trichlorfon was found to be much effective drug against tick infestation compared Cypermethrin.


Introduction
Goats play considerable role in the global small ruminant production. Pakistan with the estimated population of 63.3 billion ranked as 3 rd major goat rearing country in the world following India and China. These small animals fulfill the demand of national and international communities by providing meat, milk, skin and byproducts [1,2]. It has been studied that the goats possess amazing adaptation and resistance capability to the endemic diseases. Despite some of bacterial, metabolic, protozoal and viral disorders cause huge economic losses [3]. Further, ecto-parasites like lice; ticks and mites infestation are relatively common in goats and cause considerable loss in production [4]. Among all external parasites, ticks infestation is a major threat to the goats raised under semi

Clinical findings in tick-infested goats
The clinical aspects like appetite, body condition, hair loss, general weakness and color of mucous membrane of experimental goats were recorded and result are depicted in the (Table 2), which indicates that ticks infested goats showed in-appetence, normal/pale skin color, mild dehydration, dry/rough body coat, anemic mucous membrane, mild hair loss, moderate weakness and moderately dull.

Trichlorfon and Cypermethrin efficacy at single treatment
During the present study efficacy rate Trichlorfon and Cypermethrin treatments at single application dose was assessed against tick infestation and results are given the ( Table 3). The highest efficacy rate was observed 85.6, 81.6 and 78.4% from Trichlorfon (group A) on 7 th , 14 th and 21 st day respectively. Cypermethrin (group B) showed the efficacy rate (81.6, 77.6 and 68%. However, the control group showed more infestation of ticks with the passage of time, as shown in (Table 3).

Trichlorfon and Cypermethrin efficacy percentage after multiple treatments
During the present study, multiple application efficacy rates of Trichlorfon and Cypermethrin was observed in both groups (A and B). The highest efficacy rate was observed (98.4, 96 and 86.4%) by Trichlorfon followed by Cypermethrin (95.2, 92 and 80.8%), at 7 th , 14th and 21 Ist day after the treatment against tick infested groups A and B respectively. While, control group C remained positive and showed an increased intensity of tick with the passage of time, as shown in (Table 4).

Discussion
The present study was carried out in Khipro, district Sanghar to evaluate the efficacy rate of Trichlorfon and Cypermethrin acaricides against ticks infestation reared under semi-intensive system. Study revealed four most common species of ticks infesting the goats like Hyalomma anatolicum, Amblyomma variegatum, Boophilus microplus, Rhipicephalus anguineus. These findings are is in close agreement with [13], who reported that the ticks identified from Tandojam and its surrounding were the same as observed in the current study. In the present study, the clinical findings in goat were observed such as dullness and depression in severe tick-infested animals, decreased appetite, and mucous membrane was in pale color indicating anemia, thin body condition with dry and rough body coat, hair losses at ears, weakness. The clinical findings observed were similar to the study conducted by [14,15], who reported direct blood losses results from heavy tick burden as well as the appearance of toxicosis in sheep. The tick bites can be injurious that causes severe skin damages, abscess formation at the infestation site and were the entry site for the secondary bacterial infection. Another similar type of study was conducted by [15] recorded that disorders of the blood, anemia, hypersensitivity, irritability, dermatitis, skin necrosis, low weight gains, secondary infection, focal hemorrhages and inflammation of the ear orifices. Further, [16] reported that ticks also cause retard growth and reduce the productivity of the goats in Abuja, Nigeria. So these findings were similar to previously reported. Further, Trichlorfon efficacy of 1 st treatment, on 1 st day 92%, 98% on 7 th day at 2 nd treatment and 100% at 14 th day at 3 rd treatment was observed, while by single application the results were 96%, 80%, and 70% effective against ticks in goat at 1 st day, 7 th day and 14 th day treatment respectively, the similar study results were reported by [17,18], that Trichlorfon was effective 83.45% against the control of cattle tick effectively. Trichlorfon was also effective to control the parasites such as lice (Argulus), leeches and nematodes such as camalanus worms, but when used in animals it causes little bit poising, such side effects were dependent on the amount of its concentration use and its absorption from the skin or intestine repeatedly [18][19][20]. Cypermethrin efficacy was observed 90%, 96% and 98% of 1 st , 2 nd and 3 rd treatment on 7day, 14day, and 21 st day respectively. While, the results of single time application efficacy were observed 92%, 50% and 24% on the 1 st , 7 th and 14 th day respectively. These results are similar with the results observed by [15,21,22] who reported that the efficacy of Deltamethrin was 79.5%, at 3 days and 100% at the 5th day of the posttreatment. In contrast, a higher were observed by [16, 17, 23, 24] against the Argas Persicus tick mortality by using the Cypermethrin related compound. He reported that Deltamethrin was effective 99.15% as compare to Peracetic acid 63.42% after dipping, respectively. However, the single use results were also different from the present study. It has also reported that the deltamethrin was effective, it had a prolonged acaricidal effect as 71.19%, 90.35%, and 100% reduction in tick burden by the end of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th week of post-treatment [25].

Conclusion
The study concludes that Hylomma species was most prevalent in goats reared under the semi-intensive system at Khipro, District Sanghar. Tick infested goats were weak and dull. Trichlorfon was found more effective to treat and control the ticks in goats as compared to Cypermethrin.