Monitoring and management of fruitfly (Bactrocera zonata) population on peach (Pronus persica) Quetta Balochistan- Pakistan

Present investigation was conducted on the monitoring and management of fruit fly (Bactrocera zonata) population on peach in different locations of Quetta region (Hanna Orak) during 2017. The experiment consists of following IPM treatments (Sanitation + Methyl-Eugenol, without sanitation + Methyl-Eugenol, Sanitation + Protein hydrolysis baits, without sanitation + Protein hydrolysis baits, Neem Extract + Methyl-Eugenol and Neem Extract + Protein hydrolysis baits). The results of current finding showed that peak population of Bactrocera zonata (1223.2±66.74 larvae/trap) was trapped under Methyl eugenol with sanitation Neem extract followed by Neem Extract + Methyl-Eugenol (1187.6±64.80 larvae/trap), Sanitation + Methyl-Eugenol (1153±62.84 larvae/trap), Sanitation + Protein hydrolysis baits (1064±31.40 larvae/trap), Neem Extract + Protein hydrolysis baits (959.8±43.50 larvae/trap), without sanitation + MethylEugenol (932±42.26 larvae/trap), without sanitation (870.97±76.76 larvae) and Without sanitation + Protein hydrolysis baits (724±80.59 larvae/trap) on 30 September. Similar trend was observed for minimum population of Bactrocera zonata trapped under different IPM treatments. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) depicted highly significant difference (p<0.05) in population of Bactrocera zonata trapped under different IPM treatments in all fortnight observations. On the basis of present investigation, it was observed that Bactrocera zonata highly attracted to Methyl eugenol with sanitation Neem extract followed by Neem Extract +

Methyl-Eugenol, Sanitation + Methyl-Eugenol, Sanitation + Protein hydrolysis baits, Neem Extract + Protein hydrolysis baits, Without sanitation + Methyl-Eugenol and Without sanitation + Protein hydrolysis baits. Maximum population abundance of Bactrocera zonata were recorded at the end of September afterwards the population simultaneously declined upto end of October. Keywords: Monitoring; Management; Fruitfly Introduction Every people every time demand healthy and safe nutritious fruit. In Pakistan there is a greater demand of fruit. That can only met by fruit management from insect pests. Fruit flies are the most important pests because of their quarantine importance. Different insect pest species attacking on delicious fruit but fruit fly (Tepheritidae, Diptera) cause greater economic losses to fruit in Pakistan [1]. Fruit fly reduces both quality and quantity of fruit when female lay their eggs inside the fruit after that hatched maggots feed pulp and render them unfit for human consumption. At the puncture point fruit start rotting. The losses caused due to various species of fruit fly. In scientific literature reported oriental fruit fly (B. dorsalis) is the serious pest which caused 5 -100 percent loss of various fruit [2]. Highest loss 80 Percent in guava fruit was reported by Kafi [3]. Guava fruit fly (B. correcta) is the serious pest of guava and another various fruit [4] reported 60 to 80 percent loss due to guava fruit fly. Peach fruit fly (B. zonata) is the another serious pest of various fruit which found abundantly in all climatic region of Pakistan and cause 3 to 100 percent loss in different fruit [2]. A loss to the tune of 25 to 50 percent occurred in mango fruit every year by B. zonata and B. dorsalis [2]. .The fruit flies [Bactroceradorsalis (Hendle), B. zonata(Saunders)] damage was observed on fruits from October to January with maximum infestation during s second fortnight of December. This is in agreement with the findings of Kumar et al. [5]. Export  Today, its cultivation has spread all over the tropical belt and is being grown as a major commercial crop in India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia and Malaysia. Peach is another popular sub-tropical fruit in line with Apple almond, etc .It is composes of soft easily digestible pulp made of simple sugars like fructose and sucrose. Peach is delicious fruit crop of tropical and sub-tropical countries and grown commercially for making chewing gum. The consumption of peach is recommended in herbal medicine as it has an uncountable number of medicinal uses. In Pakistan, the mature fruits are also used for making jams as these provide a valuable source of raw material for the manufacture of industrial glucose, pectin and natural fruit jellies. They are also canned as slices. Peach is a tropical and subtropical fruit of Pakistan and can be grown from sea level up to 1600-2000 meters. The mountainous climate is best suited to this plant. This fruit crop was introduced in Pakistan from India about thirty year ago .This crop cultivated in Balochistan distract (Mastung, Pishin, Loralai Kanmahtorzai) are exceptionally suited to its growing on the basis of soil and climatic requirements [7]. High quantity and quality losses caused due to the insect pests and disease. Including insect pest larvae of twig borer, scales, mealy bug, aphid and fruit flies. Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) incur most of the damage fruit of peach.

Materials and methods
The research work was undertaken in peach orchards in and around Quetta. Monitoring of fruit fly population was done in various farm around Quetta whereas its management studies was undertaken in Achakzai Peach form Hanna lake. Monitoring of the peach fruit fly population was done through fortnight sampling in two orchard 30 km away from each other. For this purpose five plastic traps having methyl Eugenol and 5% malathion or available insecticide were installed in each orchard at fortnightly interval and population of trapped fruit fly adults counted during August to September and until the harvest of the fruit.

Management of peach fruit fly
Following treatment was applied in the peach form for management of fruit fly during August to September and until the harvest of fruit. Neem extract. Male annihilation through pheromone (methyl Eugenol + contact insecticide) baited wooden blocks re-charged after every 10 days Plywood blocks measuring (3x3 inch) soaked in the mixture of (methyl eugenol+5% Malathion/available contact insecticide) which was fixed on the tree at 4.5ft height. For population monitoring 5 traps was used. These was recharged after 10 days. Female flies controlled by bait application technique through regular sprays of the bait (protein hydrolysate mixed with 10% available stomach poison) during fruit fly season at 10 days interval Bait spray is a preparation of 3 ml stomach poison and 30 ml commercial protein hydrolysate in 1 L water. The mixtures 7.6 liter was used with knapsack sprayer weekly from the start of fruit formation till harvest. Four blocks with 5 traps was used. In each block 1 trap was used at the height of 4.5 feet. Bait sprays was applied at the underside of the tree canopy. Application of 2% Neem seed extract on the most susceptible varieties at 10 days interval during fruit ripening. Neem seed is abundantly available in Jaffarabad district. Two percent of Neem seed extract was prepared from 2Kg Neem seed powder along with 30gm detergent. The powder of Neem seed was wrapped in a muslin cloth and dipped in 4-5L hot water. After 15-20 hours, the concentrate was squeezed out and diluted by adding water. Only 3 sprays of Neem seed extract at an interval of 10 days was applied in order to repel fruit fly from ripening peach. This material is an effective repellent against fruit flies. Results     0.0000** 0.0000** 0.0000** 0.0000** ** highly significant highly significant highly significant highly significant Different alphabets among the mean values shows significant difference at <0.05 probability level

Overall population and percentage of Bactrocera zonata trapped by Methyl-Eugenol with and without sanitation
Results in (Table 6) showed that maximum population and percentage of Bactrocera zonata was recorded in plot-2 (without sanitation + methyl-eugenol) as compared to plot-1 (sanitation + methyl eugenol).

Overall population and percentage of Bactrocera zonata trapped by Protein hydrolysis baits with and without sanitation
Results in (Table 7) showed that maximum population and percentage of Bactrocera zonata was recorded in plot-2 (without sanitation + protein hydrolysis baits) as compared to plot-1 (sanitation + protein hydrolysis baits).  (Table 8) showed that maximum population and percentage of Bactrocera zonata was recorded in plot-1 (neem extract + methyl-eugenol) as compared to plot-2 (neem extract + protein hydrolysis baits).

Overall population and percentage of Bactrocera zonata trapped by Methyl-Eugenol with sanitation Neem extract
Results in (Table 9) showed that maximum population and percentage of Bactrocera zonata was recorded in plot-2 (without sanitation) as compared to plot-1 (methyleugenol with sanitation neem extract).  were significantly lower than those of untreated flies (6.2 ± 5.5 %). However, the recapture rates for both types of males were within acceptable limits for release-recapture studies with mass-reared and irradiated fruit flies. Up to day 4 after release the percentage recovery of sterile B. zonata males untreated and treated with B. bassiana was 76 % and 81 %, respectively; 90 % of the recovered sterile flies from both groups were recovered up to 100 m from the release point, and only 4 % at a distance between 150 m and 200 m from the release point. Our results suggest that sterile B. zonata males could potentially be used as vectors of B. bassiana to supplement suppression of this pest in a sterile insect release programme. Patel and Patel (1995) tasted the efficacy of modified trap (Methyl euginol alone) with conventional bait trap (Methyl euginol + DDVP) for traping fruit flies in a sapota (Manilkarazapota) orchard and reported that new designed trap "Patel fruit fly trap" proved equally effective. Liu and chen (1992) [10] reported that 10% Cue lure was the most attractive mixture for luring males of both B. cucurbitae and Bactroceradorsalis as compared to methyl euginol. Sookar  cucurbitae from 1987 to 1989 by fruit collection and male trap captured. The found that major hosts of B. dorsalis were wild strawberry, guava and peach whereas major host of B. cucurbitae were cultivated truck crops on farms. They further reported that during period of peak guava abundant, number of B. dorsalis increased on farm. During period of peak crop production, increased in habitats surrounding farms [12].

Conclusion
On the basis of present investigation, it was observed that Bactrocera zonata highly attracted to Methyl eugenol with sanitation Neem extract followed by Neem Extract + Methyl-Eugenol, Sanitation + Methyl-Eugenol, Sanitation + Protein hydrolysis baits, Neem Extract + Protein hydrolysis baits, Without sanitation + Methyl-Eugenol and Without sanitation + Protein hydrolysis baits. Maximum population abundance of Bactrocera zonata were recorded at the end of September afterwards the population simultaneously declined upto end of October.