Comparison of different mechanical traps to screening and control of whitefly (Aleyrodidea: Hemiptera) population in tomato crop

A significant issue is associated with the pest management control system and insect preferences for the tomato plants, Whiteflies masticate on the lower epidermis of the tomato plant leaves and eradicate tomato plants by diminishing the trim quality due to removal of the plant phloem, sucking out the sap, transmitting plant infections, and by discharging honeydew, which can increase leaf sheaths. Therefore, obstructing light absorption that results in less photosynthesis activity, causes the development of sooty mold. The adequacy of various sticky traps with various kinds of colors and cup traps against whitefly were assessed in tomato crops. The yellow sticky traps got whitefly adult an average of 374.2±48.65 during 24-h and 823.6±49.32 during 48h test periods per card. The wheat (fluorescent) sticky cards caught adult whitefly average of 391.4± during and 569.4±per card during a similar period. The Cup traps just got an average of 4.64±1.23 adult (Bemisia tabaci) over a 24-h and 7.28±1.12 in 48 h periods. Staying sticky traps got whitefly, sky blue or cyan (fluorescent) 299.4±49.08 and 488.9±87.34, somewhat bluish-green (fluorescent) 59±5.98 and 94.36±8.68, blue (fluorescent) 99.28±7.133 and 206.5±21.09 and red (fluorescent) 101±6.73 and 192.7±18.48, in 24h and 48h time frame individually. All traps caught other insects too. These outcomes exhibited those sticky traps with fluorescent colors more attractive and valuable to control whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) at other hand cup traps were helpful for monitoring. RGB (red, green, blue) and HSB (hue, saturation, brightness) value also estimate to check the correlation of color with whitefly. Both values showed a positive and in same negative correlation as well.


Introduction
The sweet potato whitefly is an important pest of cotton [1] and transfers various types of virus such as TLCV of tomato [2]. Whitefly is a major pest of many vegetables and other cash crops in china and elsewhere [3-6]. Since 1990s whitefly was considered a major pest of many crops [5-7]. In China, a lot of pesticides used to control whitefly, which adversely developed resistance in whitefly against pesticides [8]. In contrary, biological control methods increased to control whitefly [8,9]. Similarly reported in China [10,11]. Yellow sticky traps, considered major attractive traps for whitefly, aphid and leaf miners as well [1, 3, 11-13]. Vernon [14], Capture of the western blossom thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), on yellow or violet traps of four unique shapes, when set before plywood outlines painted violet, blue, green, or yellow as foundation hues were contemplated in a cucumber nursery in 1988. Among traps with cubic, round, rectangular crystal, or tube-shaped states of roughly a similar surface zones, just yellow barrel-shaped traps before a violet foundation were essentially more appealing than alternate shapes. During 1996During , 1997During and 1999 The whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) is a pest of an extensive variety of vegetable around the globe. The yellow sticky traps are exceedingly attracting to adult of many flies of many crops [20]. The Different shading sticky traps are ordinarily used against sucking complex pest, for example; thrips, whiteflies, leaf digger adult and aphids. They have additionally been utilized to screen the characteristic adversaries related with the sucking pests. By and by, the screening of the occurrence of sucking vermin in pomegranate utilizing sticky traps needs [21]. A field trial was led to assess the efficiency of seven color sticky traps against sucking pests. Results showed that the greatest number of sucking pests such as Bemisia tabaci was caught by a yellow sticky card [22].

Materials and methods
Evaluated the Impact of mechanical traps against whitefly population by using the materials listed: A. cup trap, B. Color sticky card traps, Yellow (fluorescent), Sky blue (fluorescent), Wheat (fluorescent), Bluish Green (fluorescent), Blue (fluorescent), Red (fluorescent). All traps were installed adjacent to another in the same direction. The traps installation replicated five times.

Observation
The observation was taken on daily bases. The crop was growing in 2acre. For this experiment, the Randomized Complete Block Design was used. The Cup traps were hanging from a wire arm in field and separated by 10m 2 /trap. Various color sticky traps such as Yellow (fluorescent), Sky blue (fluorescent), Wheat (fluorescent), Bluish-Green (fluorescent), Blue (fluorescent), Red (fluorescent)was attached with wire clips vertically. All traps were installed during cropping season of tomatoes in 2017 and retrieved after 48h. The traps were installed in tomato field for 24h & 48h in randomized complete block design (RCBD). During retrieval from the field, each trap was placed into a clear plastic bag to protect the contents during transport to the laboratory and counting. Whiteflies were visually counted and if required a magnifying glass was used.

Data analysis
For the calculating values of HSB and RGB, one sticky card of each color was selected and photographed using a digital camera. The parameters of the camera were set as follows; screen speed: 1/125, aperture: F14; ISO: 200, AF mode and physically focused. Both the values of RGB (Red, Green, and Blue) and HSB (Hue, Saturation, and Brightness) were calculated with the help of Adobe Photoshop 7.0.

Results
This test was performed in tomato crops to assess the fascination and checking of whitefly to various mechanical snares of different hues just as cup traps. This experiment was conducted in tomato crops for assessing the efficiency of various mechanical traps against whitefly. For example; cup trap, yellow sticky trap, sky blue or cyan (fluorescent), wheat (fluorescent), bluish-green (fluorescent), blue (fluorescent) and red (fluorescent) (Fig. 1).   Table 2). The whitefly has a higher attraction rate to fluorescent colors traps.

Table 1. Overall means adult population of whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) catches by different types of the mechanical trap in 24h and 48h
Overall mean in the same column followed by the same letter are not significantly different using General AOV/AOCV LSD (α = 0.05)

Correlation between RGB and HSB value of cards with whitefly adult
In this study, both positive and negative correlation was observed between the whitefly and color sticky traps (Table 3) (Table 3).  [20] stated that CC traps got a normal of 264 grown-up whiteflies an amid 24-h trials, which contrasted the 523 adult whiteflies on the yellow sticky traps which is partially confirmed by the data. In other words, cup traps are not able to get the numbers mentioned by Hoelmer, but the yellow sticky card result is acceptable.

Conclusion
According to findings of this experiment, we are convinced that some fluorescent colored sticky traps are very useful in controlling and monitoring of whitefly, as well some other major pests of vegetable crops such as aphid and jassid. Yellow, sky blue and wheat color are more attractive for whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) than blue, bluish-green, red and cup trap. In other words, the yellow, sky blue and wheat color sticky traps not only useful for monitoring but also useful in controlling of whitefly population. According to the outcome of this study, we say that sticky traps with fluorescent colors are more susceptible to whitefly as compared to dull colors and cup traps. The names and email addresses entered in this journal site will be used exclusively for the stated purposes of this journal and will not be made available for any other purpose or to any other party.