Use of Chrysoperla carnea larvae to control whitefly (Aleyrodidea: Hemiptera) on tomato plant in greenhouse

In the last ten years, whitefly has presented a serious risk to vegetables most commonly the tomatoes and natural products in the field. Another significant issue is associated with the pest management control system and insect preferences for the tomato plants. In these lines we investigate Predatory efficiency capability and capacity of Chrysoperla carnea with whitefly Bemisia tabaci in a greenhouse were study at Hyderabad, Pakistan. Larvae of Chrysoperla carnea were used against whitefly in a greenhouse. Adult, eggs and nymph of Bemisia tabaci is affected by Chrysoperla carnea. In this experiment used different numbers of larvae is attached to tomatoes plants to measure the efficiency of Chrysoperla carnea larvae. The overall mean population of whitefly indicates positive correlation with the number of larvae introduced. Highest overall mean whitefly population is observed in Un-Treated (13.11±1.614) and (4.012±0.804), the lowest count found in 10larvae/plant (7.400±0.904) and (1.363±0.561) for adult and nymph respectively. Up to 50% mortality is observed as compared to untreated plants. During this experiment, a strong negative correlation is observed between Chrysoperla carnea applied/plant and whitefly population (-0.808) and (-0.978) in adult and nymph respectively. Data also clearly showed decreased from start and after introduced Chrysoperla carnea larvae to tomato plants.


Introduction
The tomato, Lycopersicum Escolentum Mill, is a vital and generally utilized vegetable yield. It is extremely nutritive and heavenly; not very many vegetables can coordinate its nutritious esteem. Tomato is a standout amongst the most imperative vegetable products developed for its beefy leafy foods as vital business and dietary vegetable yield. It is a brief span product and gives a high return, it is imperative from the financial perspective and consequently, region under its development is expanding step by step [1]. A large number of pest is attacked on many vegetables in the greenhouse, resulted highly loss in yield [2]. In Egypt, currently up to 60% cucumber growing in the protected environment [3]. Biological control of major pests depending on specific predator [4]. Green lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) are considered among the best generalist predators of aphids. Four arrivals of predator's 1st, 2nd and 3rd instar hatchlings were produced using the season of aphid's appearance on canola trim till its development at post daily interims. Utilization of chemicals has so far been viewed as the best methods for control of the vermin [5]. Since the utilization of pesticides is created with a few detriments, an organic control program in light of incorporated bug administration is a more judicious methodology [6]. Larvae of Chrysoperla carnea is feeding immature stage of whitefly [7]. The biological control is a strategy for controlling pest using common foes in horticulture that is a naturally solid and viable method for relieving vermin thickness [5]. The species in class Chrysoperla carnea have for some time been viewed as the most vital normally happening predators in numerous editing frameworks, including vegetables, natural products, nuts, fiber and scavenge crops, ornamentals, nursery harvests, and woodlands [8]. Green lacewing hatchlings are likewise known to eat a wide assortment of other delicate bodied arthropods including many aphid species and creepy crawlies by assaulting prey and sucking out their body liquids. It is a ravenous feeder on first instar larva of mealy bug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley [9]. The natural control by the utilization of predator Chrysoperla carnea has likewise picked up significance for pest administration in Pakistan. Some current examinations give a pivotal case of discharge locales for lacewings against Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) in cotton. Organic control by the utilization of predator Chrysoperla carneahas likewise picked up significance for bother administration in Pakistan. Some current examinations give an urgent case of discharge locales for lacewings against Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) in cotton [10]. The Chrysoperla carnea is a biological agent control Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) in tomato [11]. The lacewings decreased the aphid populace on a few plants and their adequacy was 84%. These investigations have demonstrated that nourishing and organization of lacewing for the control of its populaces as aphid predator is presently utilized as a part of coordinated administration of this irritation [12]. Chrysoperla carnea can be utilized as a viable natural control operator for effective usage of incorporated irritation administration program to lessen the utilization of bug sprays and spare outside trade spent on pesticides import. The productivity of lacewing to control nuisances can be influenced by numerous variables, including the utilization of various predator instars which might be an urgent factor in the accomplishment of augmentative organic control [8].

Materials and methods Greenhouse
The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan. The experiment was performed in a 3m × 5m nursery. Initially, a ½″ inch polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes and clear plastic (0.05mm) was used to construct the greenhouse infrastructure (Fig. 1a). Besides, some bamboo was used to support the infrastructure. The environmental conditions inside the nursery were measured, using a hygrometer to control humidity, temperature and an air cooler as the evaporator. The environmental conditions used are as follows; temperature ≈ 28.42 ± 2.96 °C, humidity ≈ 32 ± 3.48%, photoperiod ≈ 10.55 ± 0.18 h, and light intensity ≈ 2400 lux.

Host plant selection
The tomato plants were transplanted from the field into 35 plant mud pots (width = 30 cm) in the nursery, while the selected 5 pots were exposed to treatment in this experiment. The plants were consistently watered twice a day. The mud pots Placed in Complete Randomized Design (CRD).

Collection of Bemisia tabaci
The whitefly adults were carefully collected from the field of cucumbers by utilizing a homemade suction apparatus (aspirator) (Fig.  1b). Only the adult whiteflies were used in this experiment. Approximately, 350-400 sets of whiteflies, which were gathered by the suction apparatuses, were released to the 35 tomato plants in the greenhouse. Complete Randomized Design (CRD) was used in this experiment. The counting for nymphs and adult whitefly population was started after week.

Chrysoperla carnea
Chrysoperla carnea larvae obtained from the entomology lab of the Sindh Agriculture University, Tando Jam. Larvae of Chrysoperla carnea were transferred gently to the greenhouse with muslin black cloth attached to the plant by a pin. Chrysoperla carnea attached to plants in 2, 4, 6,8,10 /plant (Fig 1c). Larvae/Plant andT6=UN-TREATED. 10 leaves were randomly selected from each treatment to count the number of whiteflies. The initial data was taken after a week of the release of Chrysoperla carnea larvae in the greenhouse. The data was taken twice a week up to four weeks.

Data analysis
The results were analyzed using Statistics 8.1. The data were subjected to analyze variations used (ANOVA).
In all treatment just one negative pursuing recorded which demonstrated expanded in population density of whitefly in T6=untreated plot respectively (Fig. 2

Discussion
Observed that Chrysoperla carnea larvae feed on all instar of whitefly nymph, eggs and it is observed that the larvae preferred adult of whitefly as well which indicates that Chrysoperla carnea larvae disturbed or effect all life cycle of Whitefly highly mortality in immature stage really affect whitefly population and also improve food availability for larvae of Chrysoperla carnea. Mortality in immature stages of Bemisia tabaci from various sources in cotton, observed from many years more successfully control pest population below economic levels [13]. Also same reported in immature E. Transvena within 4th instar Bemisia tabaci in laboratory condition [14]. Chrysoperla carnea also oviposit eggs, eggs were attached leaves with stalk but eggs and oviposition were not evaluated in this experiment.