Effect of salt NaCl stress on seed germination and vegetative growth of Gaillardia ( Gaillardia puchella L . )

In order to the influence of Salt NaCl stress on seed germination and vegetative growth of Gillardia, during the successful year 2018, at the Horticultural, Garden Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam Pakistan. The experiment was conducted as factorial Complete randomized design (CRD) with three replication in the Seed of two varieties (Lorenziana double mix and Gaillardia sundance) and salinity levels (0, 1, 3, 5 and 7ds/m). The results showed that cultivar has significant affect on the irrigation water (Control canal irrigated water) growth and development showed that (80.37%) seed germination (6.54) numbers of leaves plant (1064.1) and Seedling vigor index 13.23, and other cultivars. The highest and lowest Salinity levels of shoot length (8.03 g), fresh shoot biomass (15.65 cm), root length cm (10.23), root biomass (0.65 g) and electrolyte leakage of leaf (67.53%) The different between these cultivars were observed. It seems that the Salt stress on seed germination is not properly useful for the assessment of salt and tolerance of Gaillardia. Keyword: Gaillardia (Gaillardia pulchella L.); Growth and Yield; Salt stress Introduction Gaillardia (Gaillardia pulchella L.) common name blanket flower is a genus of flower plant in sunflower a member of family Asteraceae is native Central and Westran United states [1]. It is popularly known as Blanket flower are Daisy_like flowers in shades of yellow, bronze and scarlet with a purplish base, it is often used as cut flowers. Flower head are solitary or few on long peduncles. Flowers are wide purple or brownish purple and loosely hairy rays usually 13, 1, 3, and 5 cm flower are long and which are grow in the garden under the varied soil and climate conditions [2]. The gaillardia flourished well in any garden, the drought and heat tolerance withstand high light intensities the better than most of the flowering plants [3]. It is also use for interior decorations and useful design. The salt stress is a major environmental stress which the affects seed germination growth and development metabolic process and productivity the high level of salt


Introduction
Gaillardia (Gaillardia pulchella L.) common name blanket flower is a genus of flower plant in sunflower a member of family Asteraceae is native Central and Westran United states [1].It is popularly known as Blanket flower are Daisy_like flowers in shades of yellow, bronze and scarlet with a purplish base, it is often used as cut flowers.Flower head are solitary or few on long peduncles.Flowers are wide purple or brownish purple and loosely hairy rays usually 13, 1, 3, and 5 cm flower are long and which are grow in the garden under the varied soil and climate conditions [2].The gaillardia flourished well in any garden, the drought and heat tolerance withstand high light intensities the better than most of the flowering plants [3].It is also use for interior decorations and useful design.The salt stress is a major environmental stress which the affects seed germination growth and development metabolic process and productivity the high level of salt concentration can be adversely affected the plant growth and productivity.Salinization is one the major factor limiting the crop production particularly in tropical and sub tropical of the world [4,5].In pakistan almost 6.3 m ha of land is affected by the salinity which is estimated to be 14% of irrigation land this causes a yield losses of 64% soil salinity may be the affected seed germination as it reduces as moisture absorption of seeds and by facilitating the entry of ions in the higher amount of that seed health [6].The salinity levels at which the seed germination is reduced different with species environmental conditions and potentials.In Sindh, Pakistan, the effect of sodium chloride (NaCl) [Kindly follow same way and follow the journal guideline] on seed germination and vegetative growth of gaillardia is not well documented.In this perspective, it is mandatory to evaluate the effect of salt (NaCl) stress.However, the objective of this study was to effects of salt stress on germination and vegetative growth of Gaillardia to different levels of salinity.

Materials and methods
The pot experiment was conducted during 2018, at Horticultural garden, department of Horticulture, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam.For this study complete randomized design CRD with factorial was laid out three replication and each replication contain three pots, in each pot seeds were contain in six seed was sown.The growing mixture medium was filled in the each pot approximately one inch space at the top.The present research work, the seeds of two Gaillardia varieties (lorenziana double mix and Gaillardia sundance), was sown in pots.After that each observation was recorded of each plant of both varieties.

Observations recording methodology Seed germination percentage
Germination was checked on every alternative day for up to 7 th day of plantation and the germination percentage was calculated by using the following equation as described by [7].GP = Σn/ N ×100 Where n is number of germinated seeds at each counting and N is total seeds in each treatment.Germination index (GI) was calculated by the formula given by the Association of Official Seed Analysts 1983.---------+ ----------

Number of leaves plant -1
The number of leaves plant -1 of gaillardia varieties "Lorenziana Double Mix and Gaillardia Sundance" as affected by different salt (NaCl) stress on varieties are presented in gaillardia germination in table 2, While these interactive effect of different salt (NaCl) stress × varieties on plant germination are also significant [13], repoeted the data indicates that average maximum leaves plant -1 of gaillardia flower was (6.54) when grown under S1-Canal irrigation water control, followed by (6.27, 5.28, 4.28,) when the gaillardia flower grown as S2=1, S3=3, and S4= 5 dS m -1 in respectively.However the minimum leaves plant -1 (3.27), when the gaillardia flower grown with S5 = 7.0 dS m -1 .In case of varieties, maximum leaves plant -1 (5.29) was produced by the gaillardia flower when grown under with Gaillardia Sundance as compared to 4.97 leaves plant -1 for Lorenziana Double Mix [14].Repoeted that the maximum leaves plant -1 (6.78) to achieved the gaillardia grown as under the S1= Canal Irrigation water control x gaillardia sundance, while the minimum leaves plant -1 (3.10) were recorded for the interaction of S5 = 7.0 dS m -1 x lorenziana double mix.The LSD test demonstrated that the differences in leaves plant -1 length as influenced by salt (NaCl) stress and varieties were significant (P<0.05) and also significant (P<0.05) between rest of the treatments and varieties.

Seedlings vigor index (SIV)
The results in regards to plant height of gaillardia varieties "Lorenziana Double Mix and Gaillardia Sundance" as affected by different salt (NaCl) stress of variance analysis showed that there was significant (P< 0.05) on gaillardia seedlings vigor

Fresh shoot biomass (g)
The results in regards to fresh shoot biomass of gaillardia varieties "Lorenziana Double Mix and Gaillardia Sundance" as affected by different salinity level on varieties in table 5.The gaillardia fresh shoot biomass, while the salt (NaCl) stress on fresh shoot biomass also significant (P<0.05)statistically.The data indicates that average maximum fresh shoot biomass of gaillardia flower was (8.03) when grown under S1-Canal irrigation water control, followed by (7.64, 6.39 and 5.36 ) when the gaillardia flower.The minimum fresh shoot biomass (4.56) was observed when the gaillardia flower grown with S5 = 7.0 dS m -1 .In case of varieties, maximum shoot biomass (6.59) was produced by the gaillardia flower when grown under with Gaillardia Sundance as compared to (6.21) fresh shoot biomass for Lorenziana Double Mix [19].The interactive effects shows that maximum fresh shoot biomass (8.42) was achieved when the gaillardia plant grown under S1 = Canal Irrigation water control x gaillardia sundance, while the minimum fresh shoot biomass (4.50) were recorded for the interaction of S5 = 7.0 dS m -1 x lorenziana double mix.The LSD test demonstrated that the fresh shoot biomass as influenced by salt (NaCl) stress.

Root biomass (cm)
The results in regards to root biomass of gaillardia varieties "Lorenziana Double Mix and Gaillardia Sundance" as affected by different salt (NaCl) stress on varieties are presented in table 7.While the root biomass also significant (P<0.05)statistically.The data indicate that average maximum root biomass of gaillardia flower was (0.82) when grown under S1-Canal irrigation water control, followed by (0.75, 0.62 and 0.51 ) when the gaillardia flower and the minimum root biomass (0.44) was observed when the gaillardia flower grown with S5 = 7.0 dS m -1 .In case of varieties, maximum root biomass (0.65) was produced by the gaillardia flower when grown under with Gaillardia Sundance as compared to (0.62) root biomass for Lorenziana Double Mix [22].The interactive effects shows that maximum root biomass (0.84) was achieved when the gaillardia plant grown under S1 = Canal Irrigation water control x gaillardia sundance, while the minimum root biomass (0.43) were recorded for the interaction of S5 = 7.0 dS m -1 x lorenziana double mix.
The LSD test demonstrated that the differences root biomass.

Seedling vigor index (SVI): was calculated by using the following formula [8]. Vigor index (VI) = [seedling
ware [10], the least significant difference LSD test was applied compare treatment superiority in case results are significant at P≤ 0.05 probability levels.