Analysis path coefficient of yield earliness traits in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L . )

The current investigation was carried out to analyse the coefficient and partitioning of direct and direct effect of yield component and earliness traits in the genotypes of wheat. Current research was conducted at experimental area of Southern Wheat Station Tandojam, during the year 2014-15 in (RCBD) Randomized block design having 3 replications. The total 8 genotypes of wheat viz., Sarang, NIA amber, TD, Benazir, Soghat, Anmol, Imdad-05 and Kiran-95 were used to examine correlation and path analysis. Nine traits, namely, days to 75%heading, days to 75% maturity, height of plant, plant1 tillers, length of spikes, yield of gain plant, spikelets spike, seed index and gains spikes were recorded. Analysis of variance was found significantly different among the traits of genotypes of current research. Mean performance based on the variety TD was showed better production in the term days of (75%) heading days and maturity (75%), number of seed index and spike spikelet’s. Whereas the variety Anmol was found best result in all tiller plants number, grain spike quantity and all yield grain plant, therefore mention verities may because favourable for hybridization to produce new wheat promising verities. The results for phenotypic correlation showed seed index and tiller plant-1 were positive and high correlated with grain yield plant, hence components of yield can be consider as selective tool for bringing progress in wheat grain production of this crop. Analysis of path coefficient showed the direct effect of grain plant yield was quickly found by the spikep grains 0.8320 followed by index of seed 0.1886, whereas the result of spikelet’s spike-1 was observed positively influence on the yield of grain. In controversial the highest negatively influence was observed by plant-1 tillers number 0.3702, followed by the height of plant 0.0836 and length of spike 0.3813 that is why, direction genotypes selection for the yield of grain because of spikelet’s spike-1, index of seed and grains of spike.


Introduction
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) belongs to family Poaceae.Worldwide it is consumed as prime and staple food.The origin of wheat is Fertile Crescent which is an area of south west Asia.In Pakistan cultivation of wheat was carried out more than 5000 years ago, of that evidences were obtained from Mohan-Jodaro.There are major fifteen known species within Triticum genus [1], in which near about 90% of whole world's production of wheat is obtained from three species: Triticum aestivum (common wheat), Triticum durum (durum or macaroni wheat) and Triticum compactum (club wheat).In Pakistan wheat is major leading crop, grown over wide range of environments.The continuous increase in production of wheat could be attributed for evolution of different modern technologies along with potentially high yielding varieties of wheat in.Variability analysis of different traits and presence of specific character with another trait contributing to the crop yield and that would be first priority for successful breeding program [2].In genotypes of wheat the genetic variability can be estimated on the quantitative traits based.For successful breeding programme selection of parents is very importance.Wheat based on required information, magnitude and nature of variation among the population and the association of different character having yield and in between themselves and effect of environmental conditions on the expression of necessary characters [3].The path coefficient analysis quantifies inter-relationship of various components of yield and also indicates that whether the effect is reflected directly to the yield or it can take another path ways to make an effect.In different crops path analysis was used to determine the direct and indirect influence on different yield components. [3,4].Yield of wheat fluctuates with the environmental and genetical interaction due to yield of grain is an essential quantities parameter that is productivity by various influenced component factors which affect indirectly or directly on the yield of grain.The production of wheat can be enhanced through the development of latest varieties which must be productive and can be grows on different stresses and agro-climatic conditions.Selection for the improvement in grain yield can only be most effective when the genetic material displayed the variability is present [4-6].Therefore current experiment was performed for characterization for best famous wheat genotypes for observation early maturity and also to determine the association among different yield traits.

Materials and methods
Total field work was conducted at experimental area of Southern Wheat Station Tandojam, during the year 2014-15, to observe correlation path analysis and coefficient of yield and earliness traits of 8 various genotypes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L) viz., Sarang, NIA amber, TD-1, Benazir, Soghat, Anmol-91, Imdad-05 and Kiran-95.The seed was sown with three replications in RCBD Randomized complete block design.In this investigation the data was collected from 75% days heading to 75% days of maturity, tillers plant-1, length of spike-1 cm, height of plant cm, index of seed 100 grain weight in gram, yield of grain plant-1 and spike-1 of grain g

Statistical analysis
Collected data was placed for to the analysis of variance according to [7], correlation coefficient was determined after [8] and path coefficient analysis was performed after [9].

Results
Current investigating was performed to find out the correlation coefficient and analysis of path way of different earliness as well as morphological traits linked to the production of wheat crop, during the year of 2014-2015.Investigation was carried out on the experimental station of Wheat research station southern field, Tandojam, for observing the days 75% to 75% maturity days, plant tillers, index of seed, height of plant, spike-1 length, spikelts spike=1, spikes=1 f grains and grain yield of plant-1 for 8 promising wheat varieties.

Analysis of variance
The variance analysis for each character has been presented in (Table 1) that showed significant difference among the genotypes at the level of P ≤ 0.01 for each traits that is showed the presence of genetic variation among the genotypes of study for more assessment.

Genotypes mean performance
Data displayed in the (Table 2) exhibited that TD-1 took minimum days to heading (62.53), minimum days to maturity (107.86) and showed dwarf plants (72.46 cm) with highest seed index (50.20 g).Variety Anmol displayed higher number of tillers (6.13 high plant-1 yield grain (13.73) and high spike-1 grains (59.0), whereas Kiran-95 and Imdad-05 showed higher spike length (12.33 cm) and higher spikelets spike -1 (19.66 cm) respectively.Table 2. Mean performance for yield and earliness traits in eight wheat genotypes Path coefficient analysis Moreover knowledge about the association among the yield of grain and many component of production were observed through the procedure of analysis of path coefficient variance of phenotypic correlation.Analysis of path coefficient showed key point regarding the share of various productive traits to all yield of grain in different wheat genotypes under the present research.It can also provide an effective way to find out the both direct and indirect sources of correlation.Indirect and direct influence of these various components will be expressed on yield of grain and its contribution ration described in (Table 3).Various components of yield like 75% days heading, 75% days of maturity, plant tillers, number of grain spike-1, index of seed 1000 grain weight, length of spikes, spike-1 of spikelet's, are said to be independent variable on the procedure of path analysis was implemented to observe the influence and share percentage of mention different component on the plant grain yield that is known as dependent variable.The direct and highest influence of plant-1 grain 0.083 ns 22. Tillers plant -1 vs spike length 0.561ns 23.Tillers plant-1 vs spikelets spike-1 0.536 ns 24.Tillers plant -1 vs grains spike -1  0.583 ns 25.Tillers plant -1 vs seed index 0.783** 26.Tillers plant -1 vs grains yield plant -1  0.820** 27.Spike length vs spikelets spike -1  0.764** 28.Spike length vs grains spike -1  0.746** 29.Spike length vs seed index 0.722* 30.Spike length vs grains yield plant -1  10.873** 31.Spikelets spike -1 vs grains spike -1  0.852* 32.Spikelets spike -1 vs seed index 0.715** 33.Spikelets spike -1 vs grains yield plant -1  0.813* 34.Grains spike -1 vsseed index -0.976**35.Grains spike -1 vs grains yield plant -1  0.987** 36.Seed index vs grains yield plant -1  0.733* findings of correlation showed that increase in one trait will be cause in the decrease of their linked traits.The maturity of crop at early age can be helpful for crop of able it for double pattern of cropping on the double type growing regions of Pakistan, that may be able wheat crop to producer during the better moisture, without losing by delay season effect as well as insect and pest damages.This also reduced the pesticide and chemical uses through different other sources such as fertilizer and irrigation water applications due to now water shortage is a serious problem in Pakistan.Hence though reduction in the maturity time of crop we can protect the water of irrigation for further requirement of crop.

Analysis of path coefficient
Analysis of path coefficient showed a prominent view for sharing various components of yield to all genotypes of yield of grain in our research.This method indicates a productive and effect way to find out direct as well as indirect sources of correlation.The effect of these different component may be direct or indirect observed that contribution and percentage of grain yield displayed in Table-3.Various components of yield of such as tillers of plant-1, grain spike numbers, plant height, index of seed 1000 grains weight and spikes spikelet's were called independent variable and the analysis of path was this way to observed the influence and input percentage of these different components on the yield of plant-1 that is a dependent variable.Path of analysis coefficient measures direct effect of one variable on another, and permits separation of correlation coefficients into various components of direct and indirect influences.Portioning of total correlation into the direct and indirect effects provides the actual information on contribution of various characters and therefore for the selection to improve the yield.Due to these positive and negative results of correlation between 2 variables r traits is highly valuable.Days 75% heading character to 75% days maturity was observed highly influenced directly on the yield of grain plant than height of plant, whereas it was observed highly negative influenced in plant yield grain, by plant tillers.The 75% maturity days showed higher negative indirect influence on yield of grain plant than by length of spike, whereas finding showed that higher direct influence on the plant grain yield on the index of seed.The analysis of coefficient path for plant-1 yield grain showed that different traits such as seed index and spikes-1 f grain showed higher and positive direct influence on the yield of seed Tabel_3.The positive and higher effect of spike-1 grain as well as seed index was observed due to its significant and positive relation with plant-1 seed yield.Due to this it is said that little bit enhance in above one character that might share directly to the yield of seed.Same statement described by [13, 14].Plant height trait was observed highly positive indirect effect on the plant yield grain by means of tillers plant numbers than the spike of spikelet's and length of spike-1, instead index of seed and spike of grains showed negatively direct influence.By consideration on the tillers plant number trait was found high positive indirect effect on the spike of grain than high of plant, index of seed and spikes of spikelet's, while the length of spike showed a relatively lower negative results of indirect effect on the yield of grain plant-1.The traits length of spike showed higher indirect effect on yield of grain plant-1, though spikes of grain and index of seed, hence the tillers plant number showed negatively indirect influence.Days 75% heading character to 75% days maturity was observed highly influenced directly on the yield of grain plant than height of plant, whereas it was observed highly negative influenced in plant yield grain, by plant tillers.The 75% maturity days showed higher negative indirect influence on yield of grain plant than by length of spike, whereas finding showed that higher direct influence on the plant grain yield on the index of seed.The spike of spikelet's number trait showed positively indirect influence on the plant grain yield by spike grains than height of plant and index of seed, whereas the plant tillers number was observed negatively affect indirect.The results of spike of grain, showed positive and high influence on the plant grain yield, length of spikes and index of seed, whereas it was observed highly positive in plant grain yield by length of spike and index of seed, while the tiller plant numbers was found negative indirect influence.Index of seed trait showed highly positive and negatively higher influence on plant grain yield by plant tillers and spike grains.
[15], calculated analysis of correlation coefficient of path among the grain yield and various components of yield of different genotypes of 20 wheat.Positively and significant correlation results was found among the plant yield and density of plant, plant height, grain weight spike and spike number of grain.The yield of grain was found negatively significant correlation with the heading days.The results of correlation direct positive influence on the weight of spike grain and plant height and negatively direct effect on the days heading among significant association of grain of yield found that mention various traits of yield may be superior selection tool for improving the yield genotypes.

Conclusion
It was concluded that Analysis of path coefficient showed the direct effect of grain plant -1 yield was quickly found by the spikep -1 grains 0.8320 followed by index of seed, whereas the result of spikelet's spike - 1 was observed positively influence on the yield of grain.In controversial the highest negatively influence was observed by plant - 1 tillers number 0.3702, followed by the height of plant 0.836 and length of spike 0.3813 that is why, direction genotypes selection for the yield of grain because of spikelet's spike -1 , index of seed and grains of spike -1 .