Mineral profile and proximate analysis of fresh and waste water irrigated cabbage from Quetta Balochistan

In developing countries especially in Pakistan due to insufficient fresh water resources, wastewater is largely used for irrigation purposes. The wastewater cultivated vegetables due to presence of toxic material might be injurious to human health. The present study was designed to interpret the effect of waste and fresh water on the nutritional value of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea). For the purpose of macro and micro nutrients along with proximate contents of the randomly selected cabbage samples from both irrigation types were analysed. The cabbage harvested from wastewater plots showed more accumulation of heavy metals than that of fresh water. The macro and micro nutrients (mg/g) in waste and fresh water cabbage were Calcium (Ca) (395.00, 399.60), Magnesium (Mg) (226.82, 234.00), Iron (Fe) (1.01, 1.06), Chromium (Cr) (0.74, 0.83), Nickle (Ni) (0.86, 0.91), Cadmium (Cd) (0.15, 0.14), Lead (Pb) (0.72, 0.07), Copper (Cu) (1.32, 1.85) and Zinc (Zn) (0.24, 0.38), respectively. Whereas, the macro and micro minerals contents of the fresh and wastewater mg/l were Ca (35.61, 37.39), Mg (23.62, 24.97), Fe (0.16, 0.18), Cr (0.05, 0.06), Ni (0.006, 0.007), Cd (0.16, 0.18), Pb (0.019, 0.07), Cu (0.007, 0.02) and Zn (0.28, 0.57), respectively. The result for the proximate composition of freshly harvested (g/100g) revealed Crude fibre (3.24 and 3.24 %), Crude protein (1.80 and 1.58 %), Ether extract (6.42 and 6.22 %), Dry matter (6.94 and 7.18 %), Moisture contents (93.02 and 92.8 %) and Ash (0.67 and 0.61 %). The study showed that cabbage is rich in appreciable amount of macro and micro nutrients, therefore possess high nutritional values in human consumption but continuous accumulation of these metals can pose severe threats to health of people.


Introduction
Vegetables; the herbaceous fresh portions of plants contain certain ingredients which play vital role in different metabolic pathways and physiological functions [1,2].They offer the prompt and least expensive source of fibres, minerals and vitamins to the majority of population of developing countries [3].These are helpful for the maintenance of health, repair and build-up of the body and prevention of various diseases [4].Vegetables contain minerals, which take part to maintain body pH, regulate osmotic pressure and act as coenzymes.These minerals neutralize the acidity formed by other foods, particularly those of animal sources and helpful in providing alkaline effects [2].The well represented composition of minerals include Ca, Fe, Cu, P, Zn, Cl, and Na .It is recommended that adults should consume at least 400 g (or five servings a day) of fruits and vegetables [5].Cabbage (Brassica oleracae var.capitata L) is a green leafy vegetable belongs to the genus Brassica, of family Brassicaceae [6].
It is an excellent source of vitamins, minerals and dietary fibre [7].Cabbage has been used in ancient times both as food and medicine.It is helpful in the management and/or treatment of several ailments and disease conditions including yeast infections, gout and rheumatism, relieving of gastric pain and hyperacidity, short-term rapid weight loss, reduction of painful breast engorgement in breast feeding women, hangover remedy, urine retention, menstrual pain or irregularities, scurvy, immune stimulant, constipation and as a poultice to clean infected wounds Where Conversion factor = 100/N (N% in fruit products).

Ether extract
The ether extract was determined by extraction with petroleum ether (PE) using a

Data analysis
The data was statistically analysed with the help of computer software SPSS 16 for windows using independent sample student's t-test.Excel 2010 was used where needed.

Conclusion and recommendations
Present study revealed a number of positive effects of cabbage such as presence of minerals and proximate contents, which are beneficial for the health.It is concluded that the comparative nutritional analysis of cabbage irrigated with sewage water contain higher values of some heavy metals as compared to that grown with tube well (fresh) water.Use of sewage water for irrigation purposes poses a high risk of heavy metals accumulation in vegetables that may lead to several health problems.
Soxhlet system (boiling point range of 40-60°C).Extraction was carried out with 25 ml PE and 1g of dried sample with for 3-4 hours.At 105 ˚C PE extract was evaporated to dryness.Percentage of crude fat was known by calculating and weighing residue on dry weight basis.Ether extract = W2 -W1 × 100 W3 Where W1 = Weight of empty flask, W2 = Weight of flask + fat and W3 = Weight of sample taken.Moisture 5gm sample was placed in hot air oven at 80˚C up to constant weight and recorded the moisture %age Moisture % = Weight of fresh sampleweight of dried sample × 100 Weight of fresh sample Ash The 10 gram sample was placed in crucible and kept in Muffle furnace at 550˚C for 6 hours, desiccated and recorded the weight.Ash % = weight of sample after washing × 100 Total weight of sample

Table 1 . Minerals in fresh and wastewater irrigated cabbage (mg/g) S.No Menials Fresh water irrigated cabbage
Means followed by different letters in the same row are significantly different at (P<0.05)

Table 3 . Proximate composition on dry matter basis (gm/100gm)
[26]ein being the structural material of the body necessary for the formation of muscles, blood and body fluids etc.One gram of protein is known to supply the body with about 4 Kcal.Fats are important in terms of their important functions like sterol hormones, nervous system activities, enzymatic reactions and cell membrane structure.Energy provided by 1 gram of fat is more than double the energy given by carbohydrate or protein per unit weight i.e. 9 kcal[25].Ash content which is a measure of the inorganic matter[26].Ash contents identified were in line with [ aMeans followed by different letters in the same row are significantly different at (P<0.05)