Prevalence of malaria in human population of district Killa Saifullah : Balochistan

The present study was conducted to Examine the prevalence of Human malarial infection in Killa Saifullah district.A total No. of 4208 blood smear ware prepared twice in a month. in each locality The overall plasmodium mixed slide positivity rate was observed 20.0% and mixed infection (0.5%) and the p.vivax is to be the commonist with the higher incidence 75% in the month of August and lowest in Feb 51.2%. Variation in different age groups 14 years and above was observed 25.6% and mixed infection 0.18%. In the age group 6-14 years (9.6%) with mixed infection (0.05%) and the lowest prevalence ratio in the age group from 1-5 years (7.2%) with mixed infection 0.07%. The table -2 were statistically analysed there is no association between the age groups and types of infection we can say that incidence of any type of infection can happen to any age group person independently.


Introduction
Globally, malaria is one of the most major health problems particularly in developing countries, Including Pakistan burden of disease is high.The malaria is a vector borne disease caused by plasmodium.There are five spp of malaria includes P. falciparum (Plasmodium falciparum), P. vivax (Plasmodium vivax), P. malariae (Plasmodium malariae), P. ovale (Plasmodium ovale) and P. knowlesi (Plasmodium knowlesi).P. falciparum and P. vivax is the common malaria species in Pakistan.Every year 300-500 million cases were reported worldwide with death rate 1.5 to 2.7 million.In the year 2013,627,000 deaths were reported worldwide due to malaria [1, 2].Malaria is endemic in Pakistan.Plasmodium vivax found to be the most common species which can be transmitted by female Anopheles mosquito [3].Previous data suggests that malaria predominantly occurs in rural areas due to poor drainage system, poor housing and lack of proper sanitation [4].Malaria is the main health risk in Pakistan and severity of the cases can lead to come and eventually death.There is a plenty of stagnant water after heavy rain in the country, which provides an ideal mosquito breeding environment.In Pakistan malaria

Study area and sampling
The study was carried out to find the prevalence rate of malaria among local population of Killa Saifullah district and to assess the spices wise distribution.This study was conducted during 1 st June 2016 to 31th May 2017.The inclusive and exclusive were defined.The patients have temperature, fever, chills, vomiting etc was including in this study.Those patients which do not have general symptoms of malaria were excluded from the current study.The data were collected from different health care centre/Rural health centres, Basic health unit (BHU) and hospitals of the district.Blood is the only material which is routinely used for the direct detection of malaria parasites in population.Standard WHO recommended methodology were used during this investigation.Malaria cases are generally detected in Two ways PCD (passive case detection) this is done by examining the blood of patients presenting themselves to a health station with symptoms and sings of malaria or ACD (Active case detection) this is done by making home visits and examining the blood of persons with symptoms, sings or a history suggestive of malaria present or in recent past .

Blood film examination, field and laboratory studies in parasitology
Seasonal preparation of blood slides, both thick and film were made twice during each month from each resident and Giemsa stained slides were examined in the Lab for parasites.

Identification of malarial parasite
Prepared thick and thin slides were further examined in the lab for species identification.

A. Preparation of a thin blood film
A thin blood film was made by a spreading of drop of blood evenly across of a clean grease free slide, using a smooth-edged spreader.

B. Preparation of thick blood film
Thin smear was used for describing blood cells.The tick smear was used for detecting malarial parasites and microfilariae.A large drop of blood was taken on the centre of a slide and with the aid of a needle or a slide corner spread the drop over 1/2 an inch square area when dry the thickness, should be such that printed matter can be seen through it.

Fixation of blood film
Before staining, the blood films need to be fixed with acetone free methyl ethyl Alcohol for ½ to 1 minute.

Identification of malarial parasites
The stained blood slides were examined under oil immersion microscope.The thick film shows the presence or absence of malarial parasites in 1 or 2 fields, but in thin films species of parasites can be identified in falciparum malaria, the presence of gametocyte crescent make species identification simple.According to Paniker

Results
A total no of 4208 blood smear were prepared from the age groups ranging from 1year to 5years, 6 to 14 years and 15 years and above residing in different localities of district Killa Saifullah.However, variation was observed among different localities having different hygienic conditions.In Killa Saifullah district (Table 1), The overall incidence of plasmodium slide positivity was (20.0%)where is P. vivax was observed to be higher (64.7%) as compared with that of P. falciparum (34.7% ) and Mixed infection (0.7%).P. vivax was observed with the highest incidence of (75%) in the month of August and lowest in the month of Feb (51.2%).
Table 2 shows variation in different age groups of 14 years and above (25.6%)and (0.18%) observed mixed infection.In the age group of 06-14 years (9.6%) and mixed infection was (0.05%) and lowest prevalence ratio in the age group from 01-05yeasr (7.2%) and mixed infection was also observed (0.07%).The table 2 was statistically analyezd to test whether there is any associstion between of infection and age groups through 2 at 5% level of significance χ2 calculated as 6.907 and compared with the tabulated value of tab=9.488since calculated value of χ2 is less than the tabulated value so it is concluded that there is no association between types of infection and age groups.We can say that the incidence of any type of infection can happen to any age group person independently.

8, 11-13]. P
[9] many tests have been developed, but none can replace the thick and thin smear which alone can reveal the parasite morphology clearly enough for accurate identification of the species.A careful and patient smear examination still remains as the 'gold standard' in malaria diagnosis [10].Plasmodium species identification was made following the keys furnished by [. vivax and P. falciparum were The table value of tab=9.488if the X. cal=6.907Value is less than the table value, it means that there is no association between types of infection(P.vivax and P. falciparum) and age group of the patients and malaria infection can happen to any age group person independent ally.

Table 2 . AGE wise overall prevalence of human malarial infection in district Killa Saifullah S. No. Age group in years No. of slides examined Total No. of (+ve) Overall % in fraction Inf. By P. vivax Inf. By P. falciparum
Yasinzai & N Umer, Analyzed the data: I Yasinzai, Contributed reagents/ materials/ analysis tools: I Yasinzai & N Umer, Wrote the paper: I Yasinzai & N Umer.