Study and Design of LED Lighting Systems

In this study, the optical characteristics, thermal characteristics, electrical characteristics of the LED device are studied. After analysis of the significance of the optical model, we establish the model of the LED light source using optical simulation software to analyze the impact of modeling four factors and law, based on ray tracing model intensity distribution with the manufacturers. On this basis, we expand the LED secondary optical design, namely, increasing of LDE method to the light level. After comparing different forms of non-imaging optical components, combined with the actual situation, the final choice is the system composed of rotating parabolic reflector with LDE. Besides, the reflected changing the relative position of the body and LDE space lead to the normal light intensity of the entire system appearing two peaks, but their causes are different. In addition, the method of combining theoretical analysis and computer simulations to study the distribution of LDE array illumination is utilized. Formula on the illumination distribution in the LDB array to a plane parallel thereto is deduced, which is verified by computer simulation and agrees well with it. A quantitative study of the factors affecting the road surface illuminance distribution is made on the basis of previous study, combined with the actual road lighting works. These factors are: LDE array form, the number of LED, spacing between LDE, LDE interval between the street lamps. The derived entire road illumination distribution formula and the corresponding curve gives a basic method for the analysis of such practical problems related outcomes for the LDE illumination optical system design and research basis.


INTRODUCTION
The semiconductor is a focal point of the 21 st century and the most eye-catching new technology related to the field of multi-technology materials, device structures, optical design, packaging technology, power circuit, lamps, lighting effects and visual matching (Tsunemasa et al., 2004a;Murakmai et al., 2000;Uehida et al., 2000;Edward et al., 1997). White LED light source developed by the success of its application development in the field of general lighting to create the conditions, the LED light source with conventional light sources such as incandescent and fluorescent lamps (David and Mark, 1997;Kaminski et al., 2002;Harald et al., 2002;Tsunemasa et al., 2004b;James, 2002), the most to attract the world's attention is energy-saving and environmentally friendly features. Compared with incandescent lamps, white LED lighting energy savings of 80% to 90%, 50% energy saving compared with fluorescent lamps; life of up to 100,000 hours, which is 20~30 times of incandescent, fluorescent lamps 10 times, especially with the solar electromagnetic induction batteries used in combination, it is an extremely competitive green light (Tsou et al., 2005;James et al., 2004;David and Kavita, 2004;Frank et al., 2004). High brightness LED in recent years have been new breakthroughs in technology, its applications continue to expand, has entered the field of special lighting, related to a large group of companies in the major developed countries in the world have invested in human and material resources to research and development of high brightness LED and formulating the development plan to overcome technical difficulties as soon as possible, to enter the field of lighting (Craford, 2002;Mueller-Mach and Mueller, 2000;Aurélien et al., 2007). China's ultra-high brightness LED industry is also subject to all levels of government attaches great importance to and vigorously support, a lot of wellknown universities, research institutions and companies also invested heavily in the power of research, the development of ultra-high brightness LED, want to catch up with the world advanced level.
LED used in lighting research at home and abroad also have been committed to the optical structure design: Austria lighting design company had 14,000 white and mixed color LED lamps developed and lighting effects and visual matching innovation and research lighting the entire room, light levels reach 600 a 700 lux, enough of an ordinary office lighting; LED for traffic lights, many cities in Sweden to reduce the need to heat large traditional traffic lights; GE

LED LIGHT-EMITTING PRINCIPLE AND CHARACTERISTICS
Emitting principle: LED III-V compound semiconductor such as GaAs, GaP, GaAsP, its core is a PN junction. The so-called PN junction means of a transition layer between the P-type semiconductor and N type semiconductor. Therefore, it has general PN junction voltage characteristics, namely: the forward conduction and reverse blocking and breakdown characteristics. In addition, under certain conditions, also having a light emitting characteristics, in these PN junction of the semiconductor material, as shown in Fig. 1, the electrons from the N-type material diffused into the P zone, while the diffusion of holes from the Ptype material to the N-region, Examples of such diffusion results in the PN junction formed with a height of e ∆V a potential barrier to prevent electrons and holes further spread to reach the equilibrium state. When the PN junction when a forward bias voltage is applied, i.e., the P-type material connected to the positive electrode, the N-type material is then negative, PN junction barrier will reduce, the N area of electrons injected into the P zone and P zone of the hole injected into the N area and thus give rise to a non-equilibrium state. These injected electrons and holes in the PN junction meet composite; the excess energy is released in the form of light, i.e., the electrical energy into light energy (Narendran, 2005).

LED characteristics:
Spectral characteristic: PN junction of the wavelength of the radiation light is determined by the material bandgap E g , namely: Assume light of different wavelengths due to the different materials of different band gap, so the light emitting diode can be made of different materials. The light emitted by the light emitting diode is not a pure monochromatic light, however, in addition to the laser, its spectral width than the other light emitted by the spectrum of the light is narrow. For example, the spectral width of the GaAs light-emitting diode is only 25nm. Therefore, it can be considered monochromatic.
• Strength characteristics of the current/voltage characteristic and current/light emitting: For conventional LEDs, the single light-emitting diode is generally formed in a thickness of approximately 0.2-0.3 mm chip of the PN junction, the area of about 0.4 * 0.4 mm 2 , respectively and in the Psurface and the N-surface to make an electrode and then an epoxyresin package, a package after the light-emitting diode to many properties of the same basic PN junction. Voltage characteristics of the light-emitting diode and PN junction voltage characteristics, as shown in Fig. 2, including the forward dead zone, forward workspace, reverse dead zone breakdown area.
When the applied forward voltage is less than the turn-on voltage, overcoming not barrier farms, the PN junction rendered larger resistor, the forward current is very small. The turn-on voltage of the light emitting diode vary with different materials and different. When the applied voltage exceeds the turn-on voltage, to overcome the barrier electric field, the forward current increases rapidly, a large number of holes and electrons injected compound and shine, the relationship between the current and the voltage at this time can be expressed as follows (Uehida et al., 2000): ne, the tes,   farther, the smaller the proportion of the direct light, that is, a large part of the light emitted from outside the total reflection occurs in the other direction, but not from the ratio of light refracted by the reflector bowl change, the light refracted by the cylinders is increased, but such light proportion throughout the lighting ratio is little, so that the maximum light intensity becomes gradually smaller. Changes in perspective, indicating the depth of the chip, have a great impact on the viewing angle (Table 2).

Lens changes:
As the lens radius increases, the proportion of direct-out chip increases, the refracted light through the lens the same proportion and the proportion of the light emitted by the cylindrical smaller, due to the increase of the radius, the effect by the reflective bowl incident spherical the incidence angle is small, to deviate from the law by the spherical refractive angle increases, the light divergence. The light intensity distribution more uniform and thus the light intensity becomes gradually smaller, the viewing angle becomes larger (Table 3).

LED ARRAY ILLUMINATION DISTRIBUTIONS
In recent years, the LEDs of the photoelectric conversion efficiency continued to improve, instead of other lighting products having great possibilities with LED. However, a single ultra-high brightness LED does not reach the level of illumination, it is necessary to combine multiple LED chips. The light emitting surface of such a light-emitting composition is neither a uniform surface light source, not a point light source alone, but rather a collection of a plurality of light emitting center, the light distribution curve, with traditional light sources, lighting of the composition of the illumination attachment device, whose function is to redistribute the light flux, in order to achieve the purpose of the rational utilization of the light source. Fan et al. (2011) LED for illumination, In addition to the environmental protection and energy saving in the exterior design of the illumination angle, brightness transform, transform according to demand and gave rise to a great free space. The optical design of the main tasks of the LED lighting system by the calculation of the light flux, to rational arrangement location of the LED, determining the number of LED's, to satisfy the lighting needs.
Two LED array: In this case, at a certain point of the target surface illuminance distribution, E is the illuminance of the LED in both superimposed, if two LED spacing is d, then we have the follow equation: Adjusting the size of d, in contrast to the irradiation area of a single LED, the illuminance distribution can be uniform in a larger area. The starting point of the design of this arrangement is to eliminate both LED respective irradiation region between the peak luminance minimum value (Hinterberger and Winston, 2006).
Do second differential to Equation E and make 0 x = 0, y = 0, we can obtain flat conditions of the maximum D: Illuminance distribution in a central area within the ring of radius r, can be adjusted so that the target surface approximately uniformly distributed, while in (cos (2πn/N), sin (2πn/N)) direction, especially evenly. Due to the symmetry of the arrangement in this model, we only need to study to illuminance distribution along the diameter of the shaft in a one-dimensional direction. Optimize of the ring of radius r and erase the illuminance of the center of the minimum value.
Do second differential to Equation E and make 0 at x = 0, y = 0, we can obtain flat conditions of the maximum D: Linearly arranged LED array: In the structured illumination, the most common LED light source is a linear LED array, in which case, the use of the N LED illuminance distribution E is:

CONCLUSION
After repeated optical modeling, we complete ray tracing on the basis of the analysis of the system performance on the establishment of the basic method of the illumination optical system. The optical designed model can effectively improve the single the LDE law to the light intensity of the illumination optical system, which uses a rotational paraboloid as the reflecting body. The ray trace results show that: for the insertion depth of the reflector body according to different white LDE, there are two peak values of the light intensity and different causes. In addition, at this stage, LDE lighting use more LDE array forma and LDE array size of the spacing of the LEDs light uniformity and good agreement with theoretical calculations and computer simulations. Based on the above results, further research on lighting illuminance distribution of LDE street lamp road and factors that affect the road surface illuminance distribution would be analyzed.