Energy and Economic Budgeting of Pigeonpea Genotypes (Cajanus cajan L.) at Various Sowing Dates

Field experiment
 
The two-year field experiment was conducted during the Kharif season of the year 2018 and 2019 at Agricultural Research Station, Sriganganagar, Rajasthan, (S.K. Rajasthan Agricultural University Bikaner) on pigeonpea to find out the suitable date of sowing and suitable early maturing varieties of pigeonpea for Zone Ib of Rajasthan India. It is a canal irrigated area located between 28.4° to 30.6° North latitude and 72.3° to 75.30° East longitude under North-Western Plain Zone (1b). The soil of the experimental site was sandy loam in texture, low in organic carbon (0.19%), medium in available P₂O₅ (33 kg/ha) and high in available K₂O (330 kg/ha). The pH (1:2) and EC (1:2) of the soil were 8.1 and 0.20 dS/m, respectively. A uniform basal dose of 20 kg N/ha + 40 kg P₂O₅ /ha was applied at the time of sowing. The experiment is laid out with a split-plot design with thrice replication, in the main plot four dates of sowing allotted viz: D₁: 25^th May, D₂: 10^th June, D₃: 25^th June and D₄: 10^th July and in subplot five genotypes allotted viz:  V₁: UPAS-120, V₂: ASJ-105, V₃: Pant- 291, V₄: PUSA- 992, V₅: ICPL- 88039. The plot size 3x6 m, crop geometry of 50 cm × 30 cm were maintained.
 
Energetic budgeting
 
Based on the energy inputs and output, energy use efficiency, energy productivity in physical terms and economic terms (Mittal and Dhawan 1989; Shilpha et al., 2018) were calculated.
   
Economics
       
Cost of cultivation
 
The expenditure incurred on raising the crop from sowing to harvesting and recorded as cost of cultivation or gross expenditure per hectare (₹ ha^-1) for an individual crop of the sequence.
 
Gross returns
 
Total income obtained from seed and stover of the crop was worked out using the MSP expressed as ₹ ha^-1.
 
Net returns
 
The net returns were computed by subtracting the cost of cultivation from gross returns and expressed as ₹ ha^-1.
 
Returns per rupee invested (B:C ratio)
 
This was calculated as follows:    
                                                         
Statistical analysis
 
Data from experiment were analyzed as two-way ANOVA. All the values presented here represent the mean values of three replications. Significance was tested using F-test at a 5% level of probability (P< 0.05). The standard error of the mean (SEm+), the critical difference (CD) at 5% level of probability (P< 0.05) were worked out for the study of each parameter by Gomez and Gomez 1984.

Yield parametersof pigeonpea
Seed per pods
 
The number of seed par pods recorded in sowing of D₁: 25^th May and gradually decrease in numbers by delayed in sowings from D₁: 25^th May (5.17) and (5.64) to D₅: 10^th July (4.01) and (4.62) in both the years respectively.  In respective of genotypes, the maximum Seed par pods found in genotype V₄: PUSA-992 (5.0), (5.56) and V₅: ICPL-88039 recorded minimum Seed par pods (4.26) and (4.90) respectively in both the years (Table 1).
 

 
Pods per plants
 
The number of pods recorded in maximum in the sowing of D₁: 25^th May and gradually decrease in numbers by delayed in sowings from D₁: 25^th May (97.55) and (100.54) to D₄: 10^th July (85.18) and (87.44) in both the years respectively.  In respective of genotypes the maximum pods recorded in genotype V₄: PUSA-992 (101.27), (104.17) and V₅: ICPL-88039 recorded minimum Seed par pods (84.91) and (87.86) respectively in both the years according to Table 1.
 
Seed index (g)
 
 It is the 100-seed weight in gram of respective genotypes. The 100-seed weight recorded in maximum in the early sowing of D₁: 25^th May and gradually decrease in numbers by delayed in sowings from D₁: 25^th May (10.85 g) and (11.13 g) to D₄: 10^th July (10.03 g) and (10.31 g) in both the years respectively.  In respective of genotypes, the maximum seed index found in genotype V₄: PUSA-992 (10.95 g), (11.25 g) and V₅: ICPL-88039 recorded minimum Seed index (9.59 g) and (9.86 g) respectively in both the years according to Table 1.
 
Seed yield and stover yield
 
Seed yield
 
It is the economically imported harvest from the crop’s respective genotypes. The seed yields recorded higher numerically in the early sowing of D₁: 25^th May and gradually decrease by delayed in sowings from D₁: 25^th May (1831 kg ha^-1) and (1179 kg ha^-1) to D₄: 10^th July (1411 kg ha^-1) and (887 kg ha^-1) in both the years respectively.  Both sowing of D₁: 25^th May and D₂:10^th June are statistically at par in yield, D₂: 10^th June (1773 kg ha^-1) (1129 kg ha^-1) is significantly superior with references to D₃: 25^th June (1503 kg ha^-1) (966 kg ha^-1) and D4: 10^th July (1411 kg ha^-1) (887 kg ha^-1), in the seed yield percent reduction by (3.17%) (2.24%) in D₂:10^th June, by the (17.91%) (18.07%) in D₃: 25^th June and (22.94%) (24.77%) in D₄: 10^th July recorded as compared with D₁: 25^th May sowing dates was in both the years respectively (Table 1), these same work and results reported by Singh et al., (2016) and  Ram et al., (2011). In respective of genotypes, the maximum seed yield found in genotype V₄: PUSA-992 (1910 kg ha^-1), (1263 kg ha^-1), which was significantly superior with others followed by V₂: ASJ-105 (18.38 kg ha^-1) (1151 kg ha^-1) and V5: ICPL-88039 recorded minimum Seed yield (1323 kg ha^-1) (807 kg ha^-1), in the seed yield percent reduction by (3.77%) (8.87%) in V₂: ASJ-105, in V₃: Pant-291 (16.34%) (20.35%) and maximum loss recorded V₅: ICPL-88039 (30.73%) (36.10%) recorded as compared to V₄: PUSA-992 in both the year respectively (Table 1). These finding are correlated with Umesh et al., (2013).
 
Stover yield
 
The stover yields recorded higher numerically in the early sowing of D₁: 25^th May and gradually decrease by delayed in sowings from D₁: 25^th May (6695 kg ha^-1) and (4112 kg ha^-1) to D₄: 10^th July (5689 kg ha^-1) and (3492 kg ha^-1) in both the years respectively.  Both sowing of  D₁: 25^th May and D₂:10^th June is statistically at par in stover yield, D₂: 10^th June (6615 kg ha^-1) (4043 kg ha^-1) is significantly superior over to D₃: 25^th June (5873 kg ha^-1) (3639 kg ha^-1) and D₄: 10^th July, both the years respectively. In respective of genotypes, the maximum stoveryield found in genotype V₄: PUSA-992 (7089 kg ha^-1), (4536 kg ha^-1), which was significantly superior with others followed by V₂: ASJ-105 (6866 kg ha-¹) (4151 kg ha^-1) and V₅: ICPL-88039 recorded minimum stover yield (5265 kg ha^-1) (3124 kg ha^-1), in both the years respectively (Table 1). Similar results were found by Kumar et al., (2008).
 
Economics
 
Cost of cultivation
 
It is the total expenditure to produce as the seeds term known as cost of cultivation.It is found constant in all dates of sowing and genotypes (28.10 x10³ ₹ ha^-1) and (28.50 x10³ ₹ ha^-1) in both years respectively (Table 1).
 
Gross return
 
It is the total return from the seed as well as stover yields. It found differ from high to low in early to late sown redgram viz: D₁: 25^th May (77.47 x10³ ₹ ha^-1) and (55.38 x10³ ₹ ha^-1) to D₄: 10th July (60.76 x10³ ₹ ha^-1) and (42.46 x10³ ₹ ha^-1) in both the years respectively (Table 3). In respective of genotypes the higher gross return found in genotype V₄: PUSA-992 (81.02 x10³ ₹ ha^-1), (59.59 x10³ ₹ ha^-1), which was significantly superior with others followed by V₂: ASJ-105 (78.06 x10³ ₹ ha^-1) (54.34 ×10³ ₹ ha^-1) and V₅: ICPL-88039 recorded minimum seed yield (56.83 x 10³ ₹ ha^-1) (38.52 x10³ ₹ ha^-1), in both the years 2018 and 2019 respectively (Table 1).
 
Net return
 
It is the return from the seed after the deducted cost of cultivation. It is found high to low in different sowing dates, viz: D₁: 25^th May (49.37 x 10³ ₹ ha^-1) and (26.88 x 10³ ₹ ha^-1) to D₄: 10^th July (32.66 x 10³ ₹ ha^-1) and (13.96 x 10³ ₹ ha^-1) in both the year 2018 and 2019 respectively. In respective of genotypes the highest net returns found in genotype V₄: PUSA-992 (52.92 x 10³ ₹ ha^-1), (31.09 x 10³ ₹ ha^-1), which was significantly superior with others followed by V₂: ASJ-105 (49.96 x 10³ ₹ ha^-1) (25.84 x10³ ₹ ha^-1), V₃: Pant-291 (40.06 x10³ ₹ ha^-1) (19.16 x10³ ₹ ha^-1) and V₅: ICPL-88039 recorded lessnet returns (28.73 x10³ ₹ ha^-1) (10.02 x10³ ₹ ha^-1), in both the years respectively (Table 1).
 
B:C ratio
 
It is the ratio between benefit to cost of cultivation of pigeonpea crop. B:C ratio is recorded higher in early planted/sown conditions of redgram to less in late planted/sown conditions, viz: D₁: 25^th May (1.76) and (1.69) to D₄: 10^th July (1.16) and (1.05) in both the years respectively. In respective of genotypes the highest B:C ratio found in genotype V₄: PUSA-992 (1.88), (1.89), which was significantly superior with others followed by V₂: ASJ-105 (1.78) (1.63) and V₅: ICPL-88039 recorded less net returns (1.02) (0.86), in both the years respectively (Table 1). Similar results were reported by Kumar et al., (2008).
 
Energy dynamics
 
Different energy index and efficiency described inTable 3.
 
Energy input
 
It is the energy derives by different sources to cultivation viz: manpower, machine water, etc. were calculated and multiply with the equivalent unit (Table 2) in all treatment is workout is (11.17x10³ MJ ha^-1) and (11.34x10³ MJ ha^-1) in both the year respectively in all treatment same.
 

 

 
Energy output (x 10³ MJ ha^-1)
 
It is energy output that includes energy produced in the form of seed and stover.In the sowing dates the energy output varies from D1: 25^th May (109.45x10³ MJ ha^-1) and (67.99x10³ MJ ha^-1) to D₄: 10^th July (90.97x103 MJ ha^-1) and (56.13x10³ MJ ha^-1) in both the year 2018 and 2019 respectively. Similar findings are the same by Mittal and Dhawan 1989. In respective of genotypes, the higher energy output found in genotype V₄: PUSA-992 (115.49x10³ MJ ha^-1), (74.47x103 MJ ha^-1), which was superior with others followed by V₂: ASJ-105 (111.69x10³ MJ ha^-1) (68.08x10³ MJ ha^-1) and V₅: ICPL-88039 recorded less energy output (84.43x10³ MJ ha^-1) (50.40x10³ MJ ha^-1), in both the year 2018 and 2019 respectively (Table 3). Similar research found by the Shilpha et al., (2018).
 
Energy balance
 
It is the balance between energy inputto energy output in the cultivation of pigeonpea. In the sowing dates the energy balance varies from D₁: 25^th May (98.28x10³ MJ ha^-1) and (56.65x10³ MJ ha^-1) to D₄: 10^th July (79.79x10³ MJ ha^-1) and (44.79x10³ MJ ha^-1) in both the year 2018 and 2019 respectively. In respective of genotypes the higher energy balance found in genotype V₄: PUSA-992 (104.31x10³ MJ ha^-1), (63.13x10³ MJ ha^-1), which was superior with others followed by V₂: ASJ-105 (100.51x10³ MJ ha^-1) (56.74x10³ MJ ha^-1) and V₅: ICPL-88039 recorded less energy balance (73.25 x 10³ MJ ha^-1) (39.06x10³ MJ hax), in both the year 2018 and 2019 respectively. (Table 3) similar results reported by Chaudhary et al., (2006).
 
Energy use efficiency
 
It is the ratio of energy output to energy input in the cultivation of pigeonpea. In the sowing dates, the energy use efficiency varies from D₁: 25^th May (9.80) and (5.99) to D₄: 10^th July (8.14) and (4.95) in both the years 2018 and 2019 respectively. In respective of genotypes the higher energy use efficiency found in genotype V₄: PUSA-992 (10.34), (6.56), which was superior with others followed by V₂: ASJ-105 (10.0) (6.0) and V₅: ICPL-88039 recorded less energy use efficiency (7.56) (4.44), in both the years respectively. (Table 3). Similar results were found by Kumar et al., (2008).
 
Energy productivity (kg MJ^-1)
 
It is the ratio of seed yield to energy input used in the cultivation of pigeonpea. In the sowing dates the energy productivity (kg MJ^-1) varies from D₁: 25^th May (0.164) and (0.104) to D₄: 10^th July (0.126) and (0.078) in both years respectively. In respective of genotypes the higher energy productivity found in genotype V₄: PUSA-992 (0.171), (0.111), which was superior with others followed by V₂: ASJ-105 (0.164) (0.101) and V₅: ICPL-88039 recorded less energy productivity (0.118) (0.071), in both the year 2018 and 2019 respectively (Table 3). Similar results were found by Chaudhary et al., (2006).

For the NWPZ zone of Rajasthan, based on two years of fixed land experimentation, it was revealed that the first fortnight of June suitable for the sowing of pigeonpea for good harvesting of seed yield. The most promising genotypes PUSA-992 are found economically in terms of production and profitability.